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Nat 5 Biology > Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemical messengers

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2
Q

What releases hormones into the bloodstream?

A

The endocrine glands

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3
Q

What is glucagon and what does it do?

A

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas which triggers glucose conversion into glycogen

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4
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is stored carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is the organ that produces digestive enzymes and the hormones glucagon and insulin

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6
Q

What is the liver?

A

The liver is the large organ involved in blood glucose conversion

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7
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

It controls coordination, movement and balance

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8
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

It controls memory conscious thought, intelligence and emotions

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9
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

It controls breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

What are the structures in the brain?

A

The cerebellum, medulla and cerebrum

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11
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It is a communication system that uses electrical impulses tp send messages from one part of the body to another
CNS= Brain + spinal cord

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12
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Nerve cells that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands. This can be a rapid or slow response

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13
Q

What is an inter neuron?

A

Nerve cells that are found in the CNS where they connect with other neurons

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14
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Nerve cells that carry electrical impulses from sense organs to the CNS

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15
Q

What is a chromosome compliment?

A

The number of chromosomes found in a cell

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16
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are thread like structures found inside the nucleus.
They carry genetic information

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17
Q

What part of the cell controls mitosis?

A

The nucleus

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18
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division where the nucleus is duplicated.

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19
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

It is a replicated copy of a chromosome

20
Q

What are stem cells and what do they divide to produce?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells

they divide to produce either more stem cells or cells that develop into specialised cells

21
Q

What is the sequence of events in mitosis?

A

Start with chromosomes replicating to become visible pairs of chromatids.
Chromosomes line up along the equator and get pulled apart by spindle fibres.
2 Nuclei form.
Cell cytoplasm’s separate and 2 identical daughter cells are formed.

22
Q

What is haploid?

A

Haploid means the cell contains only 1 set of chromosomes

23
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Gametes are haploid

24
Q

What is an allele?

A

The form of a gene.

Different alleles will result in variation of characteristics

25
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is the basic unit of inheritance and many genes together make up a chromosome.
Each gene controls an inherited characteristic.

26
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Continuous variation is the polygenic inheritance of characteristics where there is a range of values from one extreme to another.
(eg. height)

27
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

Discrete variation is the dingle gene inheritance of characteristics where measurements fall into distinct groups.
(eg. blood types)

28
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of the 2 haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote, which divides to form an embryo.

29
Q

What organ produces the female gamete in animals?

A

The ovaries

they produce the female gamete ova (egg)

30
Q

What organ produces the male gamete in animals?

A

The testes

testes produce the male gamete sperm

31
Q

What organ produces the female gamete in a plant?

A

The ovaries

Ovaries contain ovules which contain the female gamete.

32
Q

What organ produces the male gamete in a plant?

A

The anther

It produces pollen grains that contain the male gamete.

33
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Zygotes are produced when 2 haploid cells fuse together to produce a diploid cell.

34
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Gametes are sex cells and can either be male or female.

35
Q

What is diploid?

A

Diploid means the cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes.

36
Q

What is transported in xylem vessels?

A

Water and dissolved minerals

37
Q

What is transported in phloem?

A

Sugar/food

38
Q

What is xylem made from and is it dead or alive?

A

Xylem are tubes of hollow dead cells

They are strengthened by rings of lignin.

39
Q

What are plant organs?

A

Plant organs are roots, stems and leaves

40
Q

What are the 7 parts of a leaf?

A

Palisade mesophyll, Upper epidermis, Spongy mesophyll, vein (consisting of phloem and xylem), Guard cells. Stomata, Lower epidermis

41
Q

How do water and minerals move into the plant?

A

It enters through root hairs via osmosis and are the transported in xylem vessels.

42
Q

Why do xylem cells have rings of lignin?

A

To support the cell and withstand changes of pressure as water moves through the plant.

43
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the process of water moving through a plant and its evaporation through the stomata

44
Q

What factors affect rate of transpiration and do they increase or decrease it?

A

Increased Wind Speed = Increase
Increased Humidity = Decrease
Increased Temperature = Increase
Increased Surface Area = Increase

45
Q

What is the function of a guard cell?

A

It controls the opening and closing of stoma and when closed it can prevent water loss

46
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

This is a single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts.
The cells are fairly transparent and allow most of the light to pass through to the cells below them.

47
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

The lower epidermis contains stomata cells that help control water loss and help regulate gas exchange.

Nat 5 Biology (3 decks)

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