Multi store model of memory

Question 1

who created the multi store model?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 2

Name the three MSM stores.

Answer 2

1. sensory register
2. short term memory
3. long term memory

Question 3

linear model

Answer 3

information is shown to flow through the system in one direction

Question 4

passive stores

Answer 4

The stores hold on to information being passed on or lost

Question 5

coding

Answer 5

the different information types/formats the brain uses to store memory

Question 6

capacity

Answer 6

how much information can be stored

Question 7

duration

Answer 7

how long information can be stored before it is lost

Question 8

Sensory register - coding

Answer 8

Coding of the coding of the sensory register is modality specific (depends on the organ)

Question 9

sensory register - capacity

Answer 9

large

Question 10

sensory register - duration

Answer 10

250 millisecond

Question 11

How can the information from the sensory register move to the short term memory?

Answer 11

attention

Question 12

short term memory - coding

Answer 12

acoustically (sound)

Question 13

short term memory - capacity

Answer 13

7+-2 items which was suggested by miller

Question 14

short term memory - duration

Answer 14

30 seconds

Question 15

long term memory - coding

Answer 15

semantically (meaning)

Question 16

long term memory - capacity

Answer 16

unlimited

Question 17

long term memory - duration

Answer 17

unlimited

Question 18

Evidence that STM and LTM are separate: Murdock serial position effect (1962)

Answer 18

• asked participants to free recall words in a list
• recall was much stronger for words at the start and the end
• word first heard entering the LTM and being recalled (primacy effect)
• the most recent words were being held by STM and being recalled (recency effect)

Question 19

Evidence for coding in STM and LTM (Baddley - 1966)

Answer 19

75 ppts divided into 4 groups and each shown 1/4 word lists:
- acoustically similar
- acoustically dissimilar
- semantically similar words
- semantically dissimilar words
Ppts were asked to recall the words in the correct order

Question 20

Finding for Baddeley (1966) ?experiment

Answer 20

Baddeley concludes that LTM encodes semantically, at least primarily. His earlier experiments suggest STM encodes acoustically.

This is why LTM gets confused when it has to retrieve the order words which are semantically similar: it gets distracted by the semantic similarities and muddles them up. It has no problem retrieving acoustically similar words because LTM pays no attention to how the words sound.

Question 21

Evidence for capacity of STM (Jacobs - 1887)

Answer 21

• PPTS were given lists of letters or numbers
• PPTS had to recall that list
• It was found that capacity for letters was on average 7 items for letters and 9 for numbers
• this shows that capacity for STM is very limited

Question 22

Evidence for the duration of the STM ( Peterson and Peterson - 1959)

Answer 22

• ppts were briefly shown a consonant trigram
• ppts were asked to count backward in 3s to stop them from releasing trigrams
• after intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 secs ppts were asked to recall the original trigram
• procedure repeated with different trigrams

Question 23

Findings of the Peterson nd Peterson experiment

Answer 23

• After 18 seconds recall was less than 10%
• this suggests that information can only be held in the STM for a short time before it disappears

Question 24

Evidence for LTM capacity (wagenaar - 1986)

Answer 24

• created a dairy of over 2400 events during 6 years, including recording who, when, what, and where
• 75% recall of one particular detail after 1 year
• 45% recall after 5 years
• this shows capacity is very large, potentially limitless

Question 25

Evidence for the duration of the LTM (Bahrick - 1975)

Answer 25

• 392 PPTS aged 17-74 were tested on the memory of old school friends
• recall was 90% after 15 years
• recall was 80% after 48 years
• this suggest the duration of the LTM is very large, potentially limitless

Question 26

MSM AO3 - inferences

Answer 26

Models of the memory cannot be directly observed so researches have to make inferences on the structure of memory based on behaviour observed during experimentation. These inferences could be incorrect.

Question 27

MSM A03 - Brain scanning techniques

Answer 27

Evidence: Squire et al (1992) used brain-scanning techniques and found that STM can be associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex and that LTM can be associated with activity in the hippocampus. : This is a strength because it provides biological evidence that the different types of memory are processed by different parts of the brain and that the memory stores are distinct as the multi-store model suggests.

Question 28

MSM A03 - Murdock

Answer 28

• asked participants to free recall words in a list
• recall was much stronger for words at the start and the end
• word first heard entering the LTM and being recalled (primacy effect)
• the most recent words were being held by STM and being recalled (recency effect)

Question 29

how many participants were in the Peterson and Peterson experiment?

Answer 29

24 psychology students

Question 30

Give an example of one of the trigrams in Peterson and Peterson’s study?

Answer 30

TGH and CLS

Question 31

Independent variable of the Peterson and Peterson’s study?

Answer 31

the time interval between the experimenter saying the trigram and the participant recalling the trigram

Question 32

dependent variable of the Peterson and Peterson’s study?

Answer 32

The dependent variable was the number of trigrams correctly recalled by the participants after every trial.