MULTI STORE MODEL Flashcards
Different stores in sensory memory?
Iconic,Haptic and Echoic store
Who made the MMS?
Atkinson and shiffrin 1968
3 ways information is affected by?
Capacity,encoding,duration
Beliefs of MMS.
Memory is a flow of info through info processing system.
How does the STM code information?
Acoustically
How does the sensory memory code information?
Visual and auditory, tactile coding.
Coding for LTM?
Semantic coding.
Sperling 1960
Study into sensory memory.
Tested recall by presenting three rows of letters of 4.
Top.middle.bottom…..three different tones.
Participants estimated recall was 9-10 letters presented from the 12.
Because…. Visualising pictures easily forgotten.
Use of Echoic and Iconic store.
Forgetting if the STM?
Displacement
Forgetting of the LTM?
Interference.
Factors that should be considered about memory stores?
Duration
Capacity
Coding (storing info)
Forgetting
Free recall task
A way of testing memory-random order
Recency effect?
Remember last few things because they are in STM
Primacy effect?
Rehearsed and in LTM can be retrieved when needed.
Serial position curve?
Represent a difference between STM AND LTM by influencing one part of curve.
Glanzer and cunitz - Evidence between distinction between STM and LTM
1966- showed functional dissociation.
List of words presented one at a time.
2 conditions.
1-Retrieve &Report straight after.
2- Distractor task counting backwards for 30secs.
C1- serial position curve.»» REHEARSED WORDS IN LTM. FIRST WORDS.
C2- Disrupted recency effect last words not recalled well.» STM
Glanzer 1972-Factors affecting serial position of curve but not other.
- Rate of presentation
- Age of ppt
- Familiarity of words
Good support for idea that STM and LTM are separate.
Case study that supports distinction between different stores.-
1966-HM- man had severe epilepsy and had brain surgery.
Severe memory deficits. Able to recall events in early life but not events 10years before.
Read magazine over and over again.
Intact STM but LTM was defective. Not able to retrieve new memories or lay some down.
Shallace and Warrington study 1970
KF MOTORBIKE ACCIDENT.
INTACT LTM BUT STM WAS DAMAGED.
STM» recency effect of only one item.
Couldn’t keep verbal information.
Peterson and Peterson
1959-
Trigrams -three random consonants.
Then had to recall them after regular intervals 3,6,9,12…..
During pause they were asked to count backwards in threes = interference task.
Recall got worse
80% correct recall at 10secs
10% correct at 18secs.
Affects on duration .
If rehearsal is prevented there would be more of a negative affect on recall.Little info remains in STM for 18secs.
Bahrick et al (1966)
Investigated LTM…
392ppts.
List names of Ex classmates.- free recall test.
Photo recognition test given or name recognition test given.«< retrieval cue.
90% of names and faces recognised.«_space;60% accurate on free recall
After 30yrs…..declined 30%
After 48yrs name recognition was about 80% accurate.
Photo recognition 40% accurate.
Jacobs- capacity of STM
1887- string of letters/digits had to repeat back in same order. Increase if recall wasn’t correct.
Ppts recalled about 9digits 7letters. Capacity increased with age and childhood.
Conclusion–STM limited storage of 5-9 items.
Memory techniques,age and capacity affected recall.
Less digits offered better recall.
Miller -
1956- remember about seven items in STM
Capacity of STM is 7+- 2.
Use CHUNKING to combine individual letters or numbers into larger more meaningful units.
How does information enter our brains?
Sensory memory,STM,LTM
Bahrick and Hall
1991- studied maths at high school
People who tried to recall showed steady decline.
If there was better understanding there would be better memor
Baddeley - encoding study
1966- four sets of words
Acoustically similar or semantically similar
And semantically dissimilar
Independent groups design.
Ppts asked to recall words immediately or after 20mins
Pots had problems recalling acoustically similar words immediately after and if recalled after interval they had problems with semantically similar words.
LTM RELYING ON SEMANTIC CODING AND STM ON ACOUSTIC.
