MUED 6440 Ch. 1

Question 1

A square symmetrical matrix; each row and each column represents a definite variable; located at each intersection of a row and column is a bivariate correlation between the two variables

Answer 1

Correlation Matrix

Question 2

Organization of raw scores, or data, where rows represents cases (participants) and columns represent variables

Answer 2

Data Matrix

Question 3

The collection of sample means for all possible random samples of a given size (n) that are obtained from a population. The values in this distribution are not scores, but statistics (sample means); a distribution of statistics is called a sampling distribution.

Answer 3

Distribution of sample means

Question 4

The size of the treatment effect the researcher wishes to detect with respect to a given level of power; denoted as ES or partial η²

Answer 4

Effect size

Question 5

Statistical tests of predictions made about a sample

Answer 5

Hypothesis testing

Question 6

In hypothesis testing, the pre-established probability of being incorrect; also known as the alpha level

Answer 6

Level of significance

Question 7

In hypothesis testing, the pre-established probability of being incorrect; also known as the level of significance

Answer 7

Alpha level

Question 8

An extension of scalar algebra where mathematical operations are performed on an ordered array of numerical values

Answer 8

Matrix algebra

Question 9

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

Answer 9

Mean

Question 10

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Answer 10

Mode

Question 11

The score in the distribution that divides the upper 50% of scores from the lower 50%

Answer 11

Median

Question 12

Statistical analysis that involves more than one dependent variable

Answer 12

Multivariate statistical analysis

Question 13

Predicts that the only differences existing between groups are chance differences that represent only random sampleing error

Answer 13

Null hypothesis

Question 14

Perfect nonassociation between variables

Answer 14

Orthogonality

Question 15

The appropriate measure of correlation when variables are expressed as scores

Answer 15

Pearson r

Question 16

A value that indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score

Answer 16

Percentile rank

Question 17

The probability of rejecting H₀ when H₀ is in fact false; equal to 1 - β

Answer 17

Power

Question 18

In significance testing, the probability of being incorrect in drawing a conclusion about the populations

Answer 18

Probability level

Question 19

One half of the difference between the 3rd quartile (i.e., the 75th percentile) and the 1st quartile (i.e., the 25th percentile)

Answer 19

Quartile deviation range

Question 20

Prediction that one method or group is expected to be better than the other; in other words,. that the two group means are not equal and therefore represent a true difference in the population; also known as the alternative hypothesis

Answer 20

Research hypothesis

Question 21

Prediction that one method or group is expected to be better than the other; in other words,. that the two group means are not equal and therefore represent a true difference in the population; also known as the research hypothesis

Answer 21

Alternative hypothesis

Question 22

The expected, chance variation among sample means

Answer 22

Sampling error

Question 23

Researcher assigns priority for the entry of variables into the equation (solution); first variable to be entered is assigned both its unique variance and any overlapping variance it has with other IVs; upon entry, lower-priority variables are then assigned their unique variance and any remaining overlapping variance

Answer 23

Sequential analysis

Question 24

Procedures used to determine if the difference between sample means is substantial enough to justify concluding that a true difference exists in the population as well

Answer 24

Significance tests

Question 25

The appropriate measure of correlation when variables are expressed as ranks

Answer 25

Spearman rho

Question 26

All variables are entered into the solution simultaneously; overlapping variance (i.e., variance in the DV explained by more than one IV) is ignored when assessing the contributions of individual IVs to the variability of the DV

Answer 26

Standard analysis

Question 27

An average distance of scores away from the mean; the square root of the variance

Answer 27

Standard deviation

Question 28

The amount by which one can expect sample means to differ if other samples from the sassier population are used; indicates how well a sample represents the population from which it was selected

Answer 28

Standard error of the mean

Question 29

A transformed score derived from the manipulation of a rash score that expresses how far away from the mean a given score is located, usually reported in standard deviation units

Answer 29

Standard score

Question 30

Precursor to the variance-covariance matrix where the deviations has not yet been averaged; also called cross-product matrix

Answer 30

Sum-of-squares

Question 31

Precursor to the variance-covariance matrix where the deviations has not yet been averaged; also called sum-of-squares

Answer 31

Cross-products matrix

Question 32

A z-score expressed on a different scale; multiply the z-score by 10 and add 50

Answer 32

T-score

Question 33

Error made when it is concluded that a null hypothesis is false, even though it is actually true; probability of this error is defined as α

Answer 33

Type I error

Question 34

Error made when it is concluded that a null hypothesis is true, even though it is actually false; probability of this error is defined as β

Answer 34

Type II error

Question 35

Having or characterized by one dependent variable

Answer 35

Univariate

Question 36

A measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value; the average of the sum-of-squares

Answer 36

Variance

Question 37

Used when scores are measured along a continuous scale; a square, symmetrical matrix where the elements of the main diagonal are the variances for each variable and the elements on the off-diagonals are the covariances between pairs of variables

Answer 37

Variance-covariance matrix

Question 38

A standard score that indicates the distance away from the mean a score is in terms of standard deviation units; calculated by subtracting the mean from the raw score and then dividing the value by the standard deviation

Answer 38

z-score