MTII Flashcards
What have we learned from halo effect research
- That both adults and children automatically assume those that are beautiful have more positive attributes
- learned lots about how physical appearance relates to power clothing and more
What is the halo effect
“What is beautiful is good” hypothesis
– if you appear to be attractive, most likely you are perceived positive (e.g friendlier, intelligent, likable, even higher income)
What is the big picture concept about research done on advertising and body image
The Socially represented ideal body is increasingly thin and much thinner than average body shape of the general population.
Where do advertisers explicitly target the body image of women
Food and exercise products
What is the body shape trend in higher social classes
Men - taller and heavier
Women - taller and lighter
What is the matching hypothesis or likes attract hypothesis
People per those who are similar to themselves on relevant dimensions
- it is the most popular model of how one picks a mate
What is the evolutionary argument regarding mate preferences
The value of individuals as mates is consensual and Peoples preferences are relatively homogenous with preferences reflecting properties that were evolutionarily advantageous in past environments
What are the findings of the mate selection study? What do they mean
Women are more selective than men
- indicates men and women have different preferences when it comes to findings what is attractive. Body shape is more important to men. People are most likely to choose partners who were similar in height and race. People tend to prefer mates who have observable characteristics that are valued by most people rather than mates who are similar to themselves.
What traits had little effect on assessments of desirability
Education Concordant desires for future kids
Income Religious comparability
Previous marriages
Having kids Similar habits smoking and drinking
Appetites with respect to casual sex
What explains the finding that desirable women end up matched with higher income men
Selective Women are more desirable and because so they end up with higher income men, who are more selective, so select these women.
What are the limitations of mate matching research
- Not meant to capture what occurs in settings that diverges from everyday human interactions
- Results only apply to certain situations where people are meeting for the first time, doesn’t adequately characterize interactions over long periods of time.
- Inaccuracies across studies
What is the productivity model
Attractive workers are more productive than unattractive ones.
- could arise from being discriminated by the consumer/ customers treat attractive workers better
What is the distribution of workers across occupations
Attractive workers are observed in greater proportions in those occupations where attractiveness is rewarded
- both un/attractive workers are found in any occupation
What did Hammermesh and Biddle find regarding worker beauty? What percent penalty is there for plainness?
- 2.5% of employees were rated as strikingly beautiful/handsome
- plain looking people earn less than average looking people, who earn less than good looking people.
- the plainness penalty is 5-10%, slightly larger than the beauty premium.
What are the findings in the studies regarding uniforms
- black uniforms were rated as more malevolent than non black
- statistical analyses showed that teams with black uniforms were penalized more than non black
- football fans and referees were more likely to rate the defensive teams actions as illegal and aggressive if they wore black
- those in black chose more aggressive games as a group than as individuals. Those in white did not show an increase in aggressive choices
What are the seven time zones
- Future, work motivation-perseverance
- stereotypical work ethic to finish tasks despite difficulties - Present, fatalistic, worry-free avoid planning
- live one day at a time - Present, hedonistic
- get drunk at parties, impulsive, take risks - Future, goal-seeking and planning
- centered on pleasure of planning and achieving goals - Time press
- upset to be late, angry if people are late - Future, pragmatic action for later gain
- act now to achieve desirable future - Future, specific, daily planning
- obsessed with nitty gritty of getting ahead
What is monochronic time
Paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time
Polychronic time
Being involved with many things at once
How do monochronic people/cultures talk about time
- time is experienced and used in a linear way
- it is divided into segments; scheduled and compartmentalised, musing it possible to concentrate on one thing at a time
- time is perceive as tangible, where it’s like money, ad. B be spent, saved, lost, or wasted
- concentrate on ONE thing at a time, don’t like to be interrupted
- seals people off from another and intensifies some relationships
- dominates businesses in US
- applies to western cultures: Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia
Characterize the difference between monochronic and poly chronic cultures
Mono
- do one thing at a time
- concentrate on the job
- take time commitments seriously
- are low context and need info
- are committed to the job
- adhere religiously to plans
- concerned with not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy and consideration
- show great respect for private property
- emphasize promptness
- accustomed to short relationships
Poly
- do many things at once
- highly distractible and subject to interruptions
- consider time commitments an objective to be achieved
- high context and already have info
- committed to people and human relationships
- change often and easily
- more concerned with those who are closely related than privacy
- borrow and lend things easily and often
- base promptness on the relationship
- strong lasting lifetime relationships
What is the relationship between poly chronic time and info?
- they feel they must be up to the minute about everything and everybody; business or personal
- many millions of dollars have been lost in international business because monochronic and polychornic people don’t understand each other
- these two opposing views often show up during business meetings
What are the findings in the studies regarding job satisfaction and work arrangements? (Ch 30)
- Studies reveal that communication shapes the relationships between many aspects of communication
- main focus is on the communicative origins of organizational members temporal experience and the dimension of organizational time
JoB satisfaction
- findings revealed that a future time focus and higher levels of punctuality were associated with greater job satisfaction, while a higher work pace was associated with lower levels of satisfaction
Flexible work arrangements
- despite all the seemingly advantages of flexibility, it is also likely to be associated with higher levels of CMN load
- in addition to better management of flexible work arrangements as a way of improving work life quality and benefits for both employees and employers, and increased focus and training on successful project management may also have similar advantages
- the positive relationship between punctuality and job satisfaction is a reflection of the importance of timeliness and successful task coping strategies to work life quality
- companies that slow the pace of work through better paid time off policies report greater success in their retention efforts
- consistent with decreased job satisfaction, outcomes of overwork include more mistakes, anger at employers, resentment toward coworkers, higher stress, etc
What was found in the studies regarding color
- orange/red stimulates people to eat/ and rush out. Hence why it’s used in many fast food places
- viewing or creating art can boost the immune system, alter pain perception and promote health and well being
- cancer centers tend to decorate with warm, inviting colors like soft Maude’s and purples,calming burnt oranges and quiet ivory tones – colors that make you feel good when you walk in
- colors like light blues and mint greens are successful at beneficial in reducing patient stress and can promote physical and mental relaxation
- dark blue can make some people feel melancholy
- purple is used in meditation rooms, and in surrounding where leadership is important. Adding a rosy red violet to create a strong, assertive magenta has been known to boost creativity, productive, and self confidence in the work place
- yellow alone can be over stimulating to some young children, important to balance with calming blue
What are stereotypes
Type of knowledge structures that creates expectations for other behaviors and character
- e.g if we think that people from a particular culture are likely to be friendly,me assume that the person with whom we are to interact will also be friendly
How do our expectations about others shape our behavior
We try to explain others behavior in a manner consistent with our expectancies if such an explanation is possible
When are we likely to abandon or modify our expectations/stereotypes of others
In the face of information that personalizes another thus making the person appear to be an individual rather than a member of a particular group
Research on the interplay between stereotypes and behaviors points to what conclusions
- If we think that certain things are likely to happen, those thoughts will affect how we judge another person
- We make evaluations of people based on the behaviors that use when talking to us
- We act in ways that are influenced by the stereotypes we have for another person; as well, if we act in ways affected by our stereotypes, we may be changing how our conversational partner acts in response
What are the results of the stereotype study
- stereotypes didn’t have any effects on how people we’re judged after a conversation
- the more positive people were about people from the culture which they interacted, the better the judgements of the conversation they had with their partners
- how people acted during an interaction was much more likely to affect judgements their partners made about them
- some evidence that stereotypes people had for one another affected their own behavior and how their conversational partner acted
- USA positive attitude linked to direct body orientation and more eye gaze in the first 5 minutes/knowledge about international linked too fewer head nods during the convo
- international positive attitude linked to less eye gaze/ knowledge about US linked to gaze time
Interpersonal deception theory (book)
Attempts to explain the manner in which individuals deal with actual or perceived deception on the conscious or subconscious levels while engaged in face to face interaction
Pre Interactional factors
Sender/receiver goals, motivations, expectations, cognitive/emotional states, behavioral repertoires, and communication skills, familiar rarity (information, behavioral, relational) between communicators, context
Truth bias
Interaction phase: game of moves and counter moves where the sender and receiver are trying to define the intentions and beliefs of the other, as the interaction proceeds the deceptive sender will be more difficult to distinguish from a truthful sender
Post interaction phase
Meant to identify what the outcomes of a given interaction are, senders perception of success and the receivers judgment of credibility and believability and the receivers accuracy level
Are People better at deception or detecting deception
Deception
What seems to be the best clue to detecting deceptions
Voice pitch
The results of more than 20 studies point to the value of words, participatory the tone in which they are spoken, as clues to lie detection
What is the “leakiest” channel
Discrepancies
A discrepancy is the leakiest of channels because it involves two modes of communication that are hard to control simultaneously
Why is the face such a bad place to look for signs of deception
The face is the least leaky nonverbal channel. Because a persons ability to deceive, they proposed, varies with the “sending capacity” of the channel that is use, and the greater the channels sending capacity, the Erie deceptive the channel can be; therefore, since the face has maximal sending capacity, then it is especially well equipped to tell lies, and provides the least reliable cues for someone telling lies
What type of people are good lie detectors
One characteristic often found in good lie detectors has been labeled “social participation,” a more or less self explanatory referring to people who are outgoing, friendly, and active in many social groups.
Another characteristic is social anxiety. The socially anxious more often choose to endure nonsocial pain. The uneasiness and sensitivity these people experience in social situations seems to alert them to signs that they are being lied to. They are. Good at sending their own true feelings, but poor at telling lies
Who’s better at erecting deception: men or women (ow both Rosenthal & DePaulo and Judith Halls arguments here) *-> incomplete answer
- Women’s empathy seemed to fail them when they were asked to decode lies. The more leaky a tone of voice, the more discrepancy a message; the more furtive (=attempting to avoid attention) a look, the less well women do d in interpreting it
- men showed just the opposite pattern: as communications became more leaky and deception more blatant, the men’s accuracy in detecting lies improved relative to the women’s
- Halls argument is unclear on the point of gendered deception detection. She says women unconsciously may be tuned into leaky channels but choose not to acknowledge these leaky channels for fear of causing an unpleasant social interaction
What is public self consciousness
Refers to the ability to become aware of another’s perspective and to act from that perspective
How does public self consciousness relate to deception
Individuals with a strong sense of public self consciousness will seem more credible, regardless of whether they are telling the truth
How does public self consciousness relate to expressivity
Expressive people also exude credibility regardless of the truth of their assertions,because their spontaneity tends to disarm suspicion
- expressivity refers to the ability to engage others in social interaction
- introverts impress others as less credible
How does public self consciousness relate to social anxiety
Social anxiety refers to being afraid of social interaction and being nervous during such interactions.
As a result, the social clumsiness of introverts and the impression of tension, nervousness, or fear that is natural to socially anxious people are interpreted as indicators of deception
Introverts and socially anxious people are seen as less credible
- introversion refers to an orientation toward the internal world of ideas and concepts
What are fixed feature elements
- Spatial organization (where buildings are…)
- Size or volume (like of a lecture hall)
- Materials used in the environment (desk, couch…)
Semi-fixed feature elements
- Arrangement of objects and artifacts (TV…)
- Selection of objects and artifacts (tape dispenser vs stapler)
- Light and shade
