MT1 Flashcards
0
Q
Source orientation
A
If the source meant to send a message, then it is a message
We reject this because
1. Intentionality (puts too much power in the sender)
2. Mindlessness (whole rituals you don’t think of - e.g. shaking hands)
3. Timing (could be unaware while engaging in NVC of the intent behind your actions)
1
Q
What is Nonverbal Communication?
A
All the messages other than words that people exchange in interactive contexts
2
Q
Receiver orientation
A
If the receiver believes a message has been sent, then it is considered a message
We reject this because
1. Everything is potential communication
2. Sender intent is irrelevant
3
Q
What is a message?
A
Messages include behaviors that:
- are typically sent with intent
- a used with regularity among members of a given social community, society, or culture
- have consensually recognized meaning
4
Q
What are the principles of Nonverbal communication
A
- NVC is an analogic code; verbal communication is a digital code
- NVC is processed primarily in the right brain hemisphere, verbal communication is processed primarily in the left brain hemisphere
- NVC has a biological basis, verbal communication doesn’t (it I’d taught by cultural)
- NVC has ontogenetic primacy
- Some nonverbal cues can be understood across cultures
- NVC is continuous, verbal communication is discontinuous
- NVC is multi-channeled; verbal is single channeled
- NVC is inherently redundant; verbal requires repetition for redundancy
- NVMs are processed as gestalt; verbal messages are processed discretely
- NVC is perceived to be more genuine and is more likely to be believed than verbal
- Nonverbal codes are more useful for global meanings and attributions; verbal communication is more useful for precise and factual information
- NVMs are most useful for affective and emotional info; verbal messages for logical and cognitive info
- NVMs are the primary vehicle for relational communication; verbal messages are the primary vehicle for content communication
5
Q
What type of code is nonverbal communication?
A
Analogic
6
Q
What are analogic messages
A
- Have a direct, non arbitrary, intrinsic relationship to the thing they represent
- Have an infinite number of values or degrees
7
Q
What type of code is verbal communication
A
Digital
8
Q
Where is nonverbal communication primarily processed
A
Right brain hemisphere
9
Q
Where is verbal communication primarily processed
A
Left brain hemisphere
10
Q
Does nonverbal or verbal communication have a biological basis?
A
Nonverbal communication has a biological basis
Verbal communication is taught by culture
11
Q
Why does nonverbal communication have ontogenetic primacy
A
When you are born, you speak nonverbal communication first
12
Q
What are the nonverbal cues that can be understood across cultures
A
Universal facial expressions (SAD FISH)
Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest*, Surprise, Happiness
*= not always recognized
13
Q
Is nonverbal or verbal communication discontinuous? Continuous?
A
Nonverbal is continuous
Verbal is discontinuous
14
Q
Is nonverbal or verbal multi channeled? Single channeled?
A
Nonverbal is multi channeled
Verbal is single channeled
15
Q
Describe nonverbal communications and redundancy
A
Nonverbal communication is inherently redundant
16
Q
Describe verbal communication and redundancy
A
Verbal communication requires repetition for redundancy
17
Q
What is gestalt
A
We make sense of an interdependent whole rather than isolated parts
18
Q
How are verbal messages processed? Nonverbal? Gestalt or discretely?
A
Nonverbal messages are processed as gestalt
Verbal messages are processed discretely
19
Q
Is verbal or nonverbal perceived to be more genuine and more likely to be believed?
A
Nonverbal commutation is perceived to be more genuine and is more likely to be believed than verbal communication
- approximately 2/3 of our meaning comes from nonverbal communication
20
Q
What are nonverbal codes more useful for
A
Global meanings and attributions
21
Q
What is verbal communication more useful for?
A
Precise and factual information
22
Q
What are nonverbal messages most useful for?
A
Affective and emotional information
23
Q
What are verbal messages more useful for
A
Logical and cognitive information
24
What is the primary vehicle for relational communication
Nonverbal messages
25
What is the primary vehicle for content communication
Verbal messages
26
What are nonverbal skills
The ability to decode and encode nonverbal skills
27
What is decoding
Receiving a signal
28
What is encoding
Sending a signal
29
How do we acquire nonverbal skills
1. Mimicry (starts very young, infants can)
2. Feedback (someone telling you how you look)
3. Training (practicing the skills)
4. Life experiences (an example - parents of toddlers are excellent at decoding nonverbal cues)
5. Acquiring knowledge (by reading about it, you'll get better)
30
What are some characteristics of skilled decoders
These are correlations NOT causations
- better adjusted
- less hostile and manipulating
- more interpersonally encouraging
- more extroverted, less shy, less socially anxious
- more warm, empathic
- more cognitively complex and flexible
- judged as more popular and interpersonally sensitive
- report having warmer and ore satisfying interpersonal relationships
31
How does sex relate to skilled decoders
Women are better than men
32
How does age relate to skilled decoders
Your skill rapidly increases into early adulthood, then you plateau until you are elderly and your skills start to decline
33
How does ethnicity relate to a skilled decoder q
Not much correlation, more of a power role scenario
Those with more power don't need to learn as many nonverbal cues as those with less, those with less need to learn them to communicate with peers
34
How does intelligence relate to a skilled decoder
There is zero correlation between IQ and decoding skills
35
What are positive correlations with skilled encoders?
1. Expressiveness (if they feel it they show it)
2. Facial features (can influence how well you encode)
- Ex) big bushy eyebrows overpower other features
3. Sex (women are better than men)
- except, men always encode anger better than women
36
Kinesics
Study of body language
37
Oculesics
Study of eye behavior
38
Vocalics
Study for vocal activity
| also called paralanguage
39
Haptics
Study of touch
40
Proxemics
Study of the use of space
41
Chronemics
Study of the use of time
42
Olfactics
Study of use of smell
43
What are Hall's four conversational distances
1. Intimate distance - touching to 18in
2. Personal-Casual distance - 18in to 4ft
3. Social-Consultive distance - 4 to 10ft
4. Public distance - 10ft and beyond
44
Intimate distance
From contact to 18 in
- reserved for private and intimate interactions
- body odor and breath are important
- complete awareness of the other person
- accidental touching happens and is accepted
45
Personal-Casual Distance
18in to 4 feet
- reserved for family and close friends
- use arms length for acquaintances and less personal topics
46
Social-Consultive Distance
4-10 ft
- Impersonal conversation
- business transactions
- conversations becomes different at far distances
47
Public distance
10 feet and beyond
- public speaker
- royalty
- elicits a formal speaking style
48
Personal space definition
An invisible flexible bubble that surrounds us (aka body buffer zone)
49
At what age do you expect and acknowledge peoples personal space boundaries?
About age 7
50
How does sex affect conversational distance
Men prefer farther conversational distances
| But closest generally woman-woman, next is man-woman, farthest is man-man
51
How does culture affect conversational distance
It simply varies by culture how okay it is to stand x close
52
How does status affect conversational distance
Larger distance if you are talking to someone of higher status
Closer with your peers
The person with high status can break the rules
53
How does the setting or environment affect conversational distance
For example, when you go to pee at the urinal
54
How does the topic or subject matter affect conversational distance
A positive condition will have a closer distance, negative a farther one
55
How does personality characteristics affect conversational distance
Extroverts are closer (those who are energized by other people), introverts stand farther
56
How do stigmas affect conversational distance
```
Physical stigmas (wheelchairs, etc) have larger conversational distances
Social stigmas (addict, have an STD) have larger conversational distances
```
57
Expectancy Violation Theory
Part 1 - Expectations
Part 2 - Violation (if violate and is + valenced= like you more)
Part 3 - Valence (+/- value we place on the unexpected behavior)
1. We consider the nature of the behavior itself
2. Communicator reward values
58
Expectancy Valence Theory
- predictive explanations
- prescriptive explanations
Predictive explanations= what we expect to occur based on what actually does occur
Prescriptive explanations= what we expect to occur on what is appropriate
59
What are expectations shaped by?
- Context - cultural norms, formality/informations, environment, etc
- relationship - history, status differences, etc
- individual communicator characteristics - sex, age, etc
60
Expectancy Valence Theory
| - when to violate? When not to?
You should violate if
1. You're fairly certain the behavior will be a pleasant surprise
2. If you're uncertain about how the behavior will be received but you believe you've made a positive personal impression
You should NOT violate if
1. You're fairly certain your behavior will be offensive
2. You're uncertain how your behavior will be interpreted and you believe you made a negative personal impression
61
What is the importance of touch
- most powerful nonverbal code
- critical for our cognitive and social development
- absence of touch can result in "failure to thrive"
62
What is the study of touch
Haptics
63
What are Heslin's categories of touch?
1. Functional/professional
2. Social/polite
3. Friendship/warmth
4. Love/intimacy
5. Sexual arousal
64
What are Jones and Yarbrough's global findings about touch
- vast majority of touch took place in private
- most touch was of a personal nature
- touch, more than any other communication channel, most directly and immediately escalates the balance of intimacy
65
What are Jones and Yarborough's categories of touch
1. Positive affect
2. Negative affect
3. Play
4. Influence
5. Interactional management
6. Physiological stimulus
7. Interpersonal responsiveness
8. Task-related
9. Healing
66
What are the categories that body movements can be analyzed in
1. Emblems
2. Illustrators
3. Adaptors
4. Regulators
5. Affect displays
67
What is the study of body language
Kinesics
68
Emblems?
Gestures that have direct verbal translation
- ex) middle finger = f u
- are speech independent
69
Illustrators
Gestures that are used to support what is being said verbally
- these are speech dependent
- serve as a redundant or complementary function
- there are three types
1. Those that emphasize words or sentences
- ex) pointing to "that" and saying "that"
2. Those that represent the thought processes
3. Those that draw the shape of the object
- ex) the fish was "this" big
70
Regulators
Gestures that allow us to regulate when to talk and when to allow others to talk
- insert them within multiple places within the conversation
- important in: 1. Greetings/closings
2. Turn-taking
3. Back-channeling
- ex) head nods= "feedback"
71
Adaptors
Nervous habits, fidgeting
- ex) self-touching, twirling hair, etc...
1. Used to adjust the body or satisfy some emotional need
2. Often caused by nervousness, negative arousal,or boredom
=> almost universally perceived NEGATIVELY
72
Affect displays
Displays of emotion
73
What is the study of the eyes
Oculesics
74
What is gaze
Individuals looking behavior
75
What is eye contact
Looking specifically at each other's eyes
76
What are functions of eye gazing
1. Regulating the flow of communication (managing convo)
2. Monitoring feedback (provides meaning to our actions; improves/increases understanding; indicates level of listener interest)
3. Reflecting cognitive activity
4. Expressing emotions
5. Communicating the Nature of Interpersonal Relationship (differing status levels; eye gaze= indicator of respect)
- reward value... Look at person you like the most
- signals a desire for heightened intimacy
- marriage... Unhappy couples gaze more
- aggression leads to a sustained eye gaze
77
Pupil dilation and constriction
Dilate with arousal
78
What is the study of how we say our words
Vocalics
79
How does vocalics influence meaning
1. Repetition (helps show emotion etc)
2. Accenting (changes meaning of what is said)
- ex) don't EVER do that again vs don't ever do THAT again
3. Substitution (can substitute sounds for words)
- ex) Mhmmmm! For this is good
4. Regulation (back channeling)
5. Contradiction (e.g - sarcasm)
80
Touch avoidance questionnaire score
The higher the score the more touch avoidant
81
Which sex avoided touch more with same sex touching
Male
82
Which sex avoided opposite sex touching more
Females avoided being touched by males more than males did by females
83
Who avoided touch more, Protestants or non-Protestants?
Protestants
84
Who are the highest touch avoiders
Married, Protestant females
85
Who are the lowest touch avoiders
Married, non Protestant men
86
How much of our meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior?
60-65%
87
When do we rely more heavily on verbal messages for meaning?
Verbal messages account for most of the meaning when people are interpreting factual or persuasive messages
88
Why are nonverbal messages seen as more believable?
People view nonverbal behaviors as spontaneous expressions of internal thoughts and feelings that reveal our "inner selves"
89
What is the distinction between behavior and communicative message?
- behavior = stands for itself, it just is
| - communicative messages = stand for something other than themselves
90
Look at figure 1 - message exchange outcome chart
Look at it!
91
What are some contexts that shape our interpretation of nonverbal messages?
Culture
Relational context
The situation
92
In Dillard and Spitzberg's study of social skills, which nonverbal behaviors were perceived to be skillful or competent?
- Response latency (time between people talking)
- eye gaze (look at each other)
- eye contact (look at each other's eyes)
- smiles
- volume
- vocal variety (level of expressiveness)
- talk time
- *adaptors (negative perception of skill)
93
What are the four fundamental dimensions of communication competence?
1. Coordination (how well verbal speaking turns are handled, maintains topical flow, initiating/terminating convos etc)
2. Attentiveness (extent to which someone shows attention to concern for, interest in convo etc)
3. Composure (level of anxiety, nervousness, confidence, assertiveness)
4. Expressiveness (level of animation and energy in conversation)
94
What are systematic methods
They are planned, organized, orderly and methodical methods to research (= good research)
95
What is the descriptive approach
Work from the "ground up" , conclusions are guided by the study; use your own interpretations to explain and the interpretations of those you observe
96
Hypothesis testing approach
Decide beforehand a very specific "what" to look for; use theories to explain results
97
Controlled setting
Created by the researcher for the purpose of the investigation
98
Naturalistic setting
Those that exist in the "real world" without being manipulated by the researcher
99
Manipulated
Researcher makes it different in one situation compared to another
100
Confederate
Someone who works for the researcher but whose role is not known by the participants
101
Stimulus materials
Things that augment the study - pics videos, CDs
102
Understand Figure 3-1
Look at it!
103
Lab experiments
Controlled setting with manipulation
104
Controlled observations
Controlled setting without manipulation
105
Field experiments
Naturalistic setting with manipulation
106
Naturalistic observations
Naturalistic setting without manipulation
107
What are the five methods of recording nonverbal communication
1. Surveys
2. Coding systems (observe nvb and use codes to keep track)
3. Field notes (observation notes)
4. Diaries (subject takes their own notes)
5. Physiological responses
108
When are we most likely to use emblems?
When verbal discourse is prevented by external circumstance, by distance, by agreement (charades), or by organic impairment
109
Why are illustrators different that emblems?
They are conversationally dependent, not all of them have a precise verbal definition, only shown by speaker
110
What functions do illustrators serve
Usually to augment what is being said verbally
111
What is the general impact of direct vision
It is the first step in interpersonal engagement -> starts a train of actions that develop and define the relationship between the gazer and gazed upon
112
Generally how do we use eye contact as a means of survival
It transmits instant and meaningful information within new relationships
113
How do we use eye contact as a courier of affection
Eye contact is a messenger and inspirer of love
114
What are the main functions of eye contact (understand, don't memorize)
Social position, positive vs negative emotions (+ emotion = increased gaze, - = decreased), willingness to relate, woman vs man, cultural factors, synchrony of speech (listeners look more than talkers), character traits
115
What is civil inattention?
A behavioral ritual enacted when two or more persons are mutually present but not involved in any form of interaction
116
When is civil inattention likely to occur
It is likely to occur in an elevator, or when strangers encounter one another one the street (second one isn't proven as much)
117
What is the civil inattention rule? When is it broken?
The ritual is an exchange of glances between the persons in question followed by gaze aversion
The rule is broken when
1. Open stare - indicating a search for info as well as a reaction to this info
2. Complete gaze aversion - indicates the person is not worth even if minimal attention
118
What are the findings of the elevator studies?
- civil inattention is present in elevators
| - the extent to which the rule is followed is influenced by other variables
119
What functions are served by smiling?
A smile is a major component of a facial display associated with and caused by feelings of happiness or joy; also functions to hide our true feelings, to show we are friendly
120
The results of the smiling study reveal athwart about the motivation/function of smiling?
The smile is an evolutionarily designed symbol to smooth interactions amount members of a species who must cooperate in group living
121
What two important qualities does the attractive voice have?
Pitch and impact
122
What is pitch? How does it relate to vocal attractiveness?
Pitch= how high or low a voice sounds
| - an attractive pitch is neither too high nor too low and varies throughout the conversation
123
What is impact? How does it relate to vocal attractiveness?
Impact includes: resonance, articulation and volume
- resonance= fullness of sound in the facial cavity
- articulation= production of crisp and distinct speech sounds
- volume= loudness or softness
An attractive voice has moderate levels of all 3, a clear, robust voice
124
What personality characteristics are associated with vocal attractiveness?
Powerful, strong, assertive, dominant
125
What is the caveat of vocal attractiveness research?
The studies that have found the strongest effects for the vocal attractiveness stereotype have isolated the vocal channel... When it hasn't been isolated the effect has only been moderate
126
How do young adults modify their speech when talking to older adults?
Speakers voice sounds higher and more feminine when talking to grandparents rather than parents
127
Affiliative needs
Need to be in contact with people
128
Territory
A geographical area
129
Territoriality
Innate need for territory
130
Touch deprivation
People need touch for physical and psychological health
131
Touch rules
Guide who is allowed to touch whom and where
132
How do we react when our personal space is invaded
We feel uncomfortable, violated
133
What is stimulus overload
When we cannot stake out real, tangible personal space (e.g a crowded elevator) one can create it in the mind (e.g blocking people from our field of vision)
134
What is the distinction semi fixed features and fixed features?
- Fixed features= clear, unmovable boundaries (an office)
| - semi fixed features= when we bound our space with movable objects (like a coffee cup, notebook, etc)
135
What is the relationship between personal space and power?
More power gets more personal space
136
What is the relationship between propinquity and power
More propinquity to leaders (closer to leaders) = more power
137
What is the relationship between the number of "things" and power?
The more things one had the more power they had
| - ex) CEO has the most number of phone lines, the most number of people under them etc
138
What is the relationship between the size of the artifacts and power?
The bigger the artifacts the more power (like bigger furniture in an office)
139
What is perceived crowding
A result of physical, social, and personal factors that sensitize the individual to actual or potential problems of sparse space
140
What are the two dimensions of perceived crowding
- spatial= the number of inanimate objects in an environment and their relationship to one another
- social= the number of individuals as well as the rate and extent of social interactions among people in a given environmental setting
141
What were the findings of the perceived crowding study
The decrease in shoppers satisfaction is also influenced by expectations of tolerance and tolerance for crowding
142
What did the study find regarding the relationship between tipping and touch?
The shoulder touch and the fleeting touch (touch their hand) both increased tipping an equal amount
143
What is patriarchal or intimate terrorism?
Describes the nature of chronic violence against intimate partners
- patriarchal because usually male
- terrorism because emphasizes intentionally perpetuated violence that is enacted in order to control and demonstrate ownership
- differs from other types of violence in 3 ways
1. Rooted in patriarchal and gender asymmetrical
2. More frequent (like weekly)
3. It escalates over time
144
What is common couple violence
Violence that occurs when conflict gets out of hand leading usually to minor forms of violence
- usually less frequent and contained to a particular conflict, the violence usually leads to diminished violence in the relationship, not solely a male thing
145
What role does the environment play in helping people protect their privacy
It plays a key role
146
What are the environmental strategies used for maintaining privacy
(Top= most flight, goes down to most fight)
- distancing = used to avoid, withdraw from, or delay the intrusion of others (a distinct physical space -office, transition space-porch)
- separating = people stand their ground, metaphorically. These mechanisms act as a "wall" that discourages privacy violators, helping people to deny access (barriers like partitions, decorating your space in your dorm etc)
- masking = used when some exposure of self to others is unavoidable or desired (use background noise to muffle convo, or a public space to feel invisible)
- rejecting = the most direct and unambiguous method of preventing invasions of privacy, using environmental strategies is seen as more polite/tactful than other verbal or nonverbal strategies (signing - do not disturb, symbolic indicators - closed blinds, cowboy hat on the doorknob)
