MTC exam II week II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general design of amino acid degradation? What are the exceptions?

A

transfer the alpha amino group from the amino acid to alpha-ketogluterate. this forms glutamate and an alpha keto acid
exceptions: lys, thr, glutamate

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2
Q

ALT

A

alanine amino transferase

alanine + alpha-ketogluterate –> pyruvate + glutamate

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3
Q

AST

A

aspartate + alpha-ketogluterate –> oxaloacetate + glutamate

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4
Q

What is one co-factor required by amino transferases? What is their mechanism of action?

A

PLP, a B6 derivative. these are ping-pong enzymes

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5
Q

Where does oxidative deamination take place? What are the reactants and products? What is the enzyme?

A

mitochondria of liver and kidney. glutamate +NAD(P) –> alphaketogluterate + ammonia + NAD(P)H
enzyme is L-glutamate Dehydrogenase

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6
Q

L glutamate dehydrogenase

A

converts glutamate and NAD(P) into ammonia and alpha ketogluterate and NAD(P)H in the mitochondria of the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

what two amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?

A

Leu and Lys

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8
Q

What two amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic?

A

Phe, Iso, Tyr, Trp, Thr

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9
Q

what amino acids can be broken down to form pyruvate?

A

alanine, cystein, serine, and part of tryptophan

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10
Q

what amino acids are broken down to form alpha ketogluterate?

A

glutamin, glutamate proline

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11
Q

What amino acids form oxaloacetate?

A

aspartate and asparagine

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12
Q

what amino acids form acetoacetyl CoA

A

tryptophan (part of) and lysine

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13
Q

What amino acids require the transfer of a single Carbon?

A

Thr, His, Met, Gly

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14
Q

When is biotin used as a cofactor in amino acid degredation?

A

biotin is used as a cofactor when you need to make a new carboxyl group from CO2, as in the degradation of Val, Met, Iso, Thr

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15
Q

What enzyme generates THF from folate?

A

dihydrofolate reductase

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16
Q

dihydrofolate reductase

A

generates THF from folate

17
Q

methionine adenosyl transferase

A

synthesizes SAM from ATP and methionine

18
Q

What is cobalamin/B12 used for

A

regeneration of methionine from homocystein

19
Q

what are the three pathways for glycine degradation?

A
  1. cleaved to CO2 and NH4 by glycine cleavage enzyme. NAD gets the H+ and uses THF as a cofactor
  2. glycine to serine using THF, pyridoxal phosphate. enzyme is serine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. oxidation to glyoxylate to oxalate using NAD
20
Q

What can be made from threonine?

A

2-amino-3-ketobutyrate yields glycine and acetyl CoA (ketogenic)
or
degraded to succinyl CoA (glucogenic)

21
Q

What are the histidine products? Cofactors?

A

glutamate and alpha-ketogluterate

22
Q

draw linkage between the cofactors and the sam cycle

A

see attached

23
Q

homocysteinuria. other causes?

A

problems with the enzyme cystathionine synthase. build up of homocystein, which is excreted into the urine.
leads to thromboembolic events, lens dislocation, mental retardation, and osteoporosis. treated with a low met diet
other possible cause: difficulty with MTHFR (enzyme that turns homocystein into methionine)

24
Q

what happens when ammonia is allowed to accumulate in the brain, biochemically

A

there is a depletion of glutamate and an increase in glutamine. without glutamate, the brain also doesn’t have enough of the neurotransmitter GABA
leads to osmotic swelling, coma, lethargy, and death

25
Q

what is the alanine/glucose cycle?

A

between skeletal muscle and liver
proteins break down into amino acids and ammonia. ammonia added to alpha-ketoglurate to form glutamate. combine with pyruvate to form alanine and alphaketogluterate via alanine aminotransferase (ALT). alanine goes thru blood to liver, where it is digested to pyruvate and glutamate. glutamate forms urea, pyurvate becomes glucose, and glucose returns to blood.

26
Q

glutaminase

A

releases ammonia from glutamine in the liver

27
Q

draw urea cycle

A

see attached

28
Q

what are three drugs used to treat urea cycle disorders?

A

sodium benzoate, phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate. act as a nitrogen sink and can be excreted by the kidneys

29
Q

What is the one X-linked urea cycle disorder?

A

OTC deficiency

30
Q

N-acetylglutamate synthetase

A

enzyme that convers glutamate and acetyl CoA to N-acetylglutamate. N acetylglutamate increases the activity of CPS-I.
Arginine increases the activity of Nacetylglutamate

31
Q

What enzyme deficiency causes maple syrup urine disease?

A

ketoacid dehydrogenase that converts the keto acids of Val, Iso, and Leu into various CoA things

32
Q

What cofactor is associated with ketoacid dehydrogenase

A

thiamine

33
Q

What is the pathway for propinoyl CoA

A

comes from isobutryl CoA and 2 methylbutryl CoA (from Val and Iso. respectively)
goes to methylmalonyl CoA to succinate

34
Q

propinoic acidemia

A

VOMIT: valine, odd chain fatty acids, methionine, isoleucine, and threonine
deficiency in propinoyl CoA carboxylase- cant get from propinoyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA
failure to thrive, vomiting, resp. distress, anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, hyperammonimia. may be helped with biotin

35
Q

propionyl CoA carboxylase

A

enzyme which converts propionyl CoA into methylmalonyl CoA. When deficient, causes propinoic acidemia

36
Q

when does biotin convert holoenzymes into apoenzymes?

A

propinyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carbxylase, 2-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, because these enzymes are biotinylated by holocarboxylase synthetase

37
Q

biotinidase

A

the enzyme that elps recycle biotin. without it, you must supplement biotin or you see multiple carboxylase deficiency