MTAP IS1 Flashcards
Causative agent of SMALLPOX
Variola virus
aka Speckled monster
Smallpox
Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powdered smallpox scabs
Variolation (1500)
Developed a vaccine against smallpox using cowpox antigens
Edward Jenner (1796)
Antibody reacts with antigen that is structurally similar to the original antigen
Cross reactivtiy
Cross reactivity is also known as
Antigenic similarity
In Cross reactivity, two different antigens have the same ___?
same EPITOPE
It is also known as the antigen binding site
EPITOPE
He was the first one to make an attenuated vaccine
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against __?
Rabies
It means to make a pathogen less virulent
Attenuation
First one to explain Phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff (1800)
2 branches of immunity
Natural, Innate, Non-specific
Adaptive, Acquired, Specific
The branch of immunity that doesn’t require prior exposure
Natural, Innate, Non-specific
The branch of immunity that has an ability to remember a prior exposure
Adaptive, Acquired, Specific
Anatomical barriers designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body
External Defense System
External defense system (3)
Physical
Biochemical
Normal floraa
Internal defense system (2)
Cellular
Humoral
Examples of Physical external defense system (2)
Skin & mucous membrane
Cilia lining the respi tract
Examples of Biochemical external defense system (3)
Lactic acid in sweat
Lysozymes
Acidity of GIT & vagina
Examples of Cellular internal defense system (2)
Phagocytes
NK cells
Examples of Humoral internal defense system (4)
Acute phase reactants
Complement proteins
Defensins
Interferons A&B
Major phagocytes
Neutro
Mono
Macro
Minor phagocyte
Eosinophil
Plasma proteins that are increased during inflammation
Acute phase reactants
Acute phase reactants are produced by what cells?
Hepatocytes (liver)
True or False
Almost all proteins are produced by the kidney
FALSE
Liver
True or False
Immunoglobulins are produced by the liver
FALSE
Plasma cell
A non-specific marker for ACUTE inflamamtion
C-reactive protein
CRP consists of _____ subunits held together by ____ bonds
5 identical
noncovalent
The main substrate of CRP
Phosphocholine
An apolipoprotein that has a high affinity for HDL
Serum Amyloid A
Serum amyloid A is thought to contribute to localized inflammation in what disease?
Coronary artery disease
Series of serum proteins that are normally present
Complement proteins
Process that coats organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonization
Process of guiding phagocyte to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
General plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes
Alpha1 Anti-trypsin
It counteracts the effects of neutrophil invasion during inflammation
Alpha1 Anti-trypsin
Haptoglobin binds irreversibly to ___
free hemoglobin
Acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage
Haptoglobin
Makes blood more viscous and promotes aggregation of RBC and platelets
Fibrinogen
The only Metalloenzyme
Ceruloplasmin
Disease lacking ceruloplasmin resulting to excess copper
Wilson’s disease
True or False:
Ceruloplasmin converts Ferrous to Ferric form
TRUE
This WBC belongs to the acquired immunity
Lymphocyte
WBCs that lack memory/recall
Neutro
Baso
Eo
Mono
Most abundant WBC
Neutrophil
WBC increased in bacterial infection
Neutrophil
True or False:
Pelger-Huet anomaly = neutrophils have >2 lobes
FALSE
<2 lobes
Most important role of Eosinophils
Neutralize basophil and mast cell products
Homeostatic regulator of inflammation
Eosinophil
Smallest of the granulocytes
Basophil
True or False:
Basophil is never a phagocyte
TRUE
Largest cell in the peripheral blood
Monocyte
Peroxidase positive
Monocyte
Peroxidase negative
Macrophage
Monocytes have _____ appearance
Ground-glass appearance
due to fine granules
WBC increased in chronic infection
Monocyte
A defense mechanism against the thick walls of Mycobacteria
Lipase
Monocytes that are already in the tissue
Macrophages
True or False:
Macrophages have a fast motility
FALSE
Slow
These cells resemble basophils but different lineage
Mast cells
Mast cells have a lifespan of ___ months
9-18 months
It has a high affinity for mast cells and basophils
IgE
Cells covered with long membranous extensions
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells resemble ______
Nerve cell dendrites
Most potent phagicyte
Dendritic cells
It is the best antigen-presenting cell
Dendritic cells
Acts as sensors for EXTRAcellular function
Pathogen recognition receptors
PAMP stands for
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
Peptidoglycan
a. Gram +
b. Gram -
a. Gram +
Lipoproteins
a. Gram +
b. Gram -
b. Gram -
Zymosan
a. Yeast
b. Gram +
a. Yeast
Toll-like receptor is discovered by ____
Charles Janeway
Recognize molecules that are found in microbial pathogens but not on host cells
Toll-like receptor
When TLR binds to receptor, there will be ____
Phagocytosis
TLRs have the highest concentration on what cells (3)
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
TLRs found on CELL SURFACES
1,2,4,5,6
TLRs found in ENDOSOMAL COMPARTMENTS
3,7,8,9,10
Toll-like receptor for Flagellin
TLR5
Toll-like receptor for DNA viruses
TLR9
Steps of phagocytosis (4)
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion & Excretion
Migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury
Chemotaxis
Test for chemotaxis
Boyden Chamber Assay
Substance released by the bacteria or injured tissue that acts as a guide for the phagocyte
Chemotaxin
A movement without chemotaxins
Random chemotaxis
During engulfment, the pathogen is enclosed in a ______
Phagocytic vacuole/Phagosome
Substance that coats particles and organism to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonin
Also known as the Oxidative burst
Oxygen-dependent process
Oxygen-dependent process is the increase in ____ consumption
Oxygen consumption
Central killing of miccrobes
NADPH Oxidase
It has antibacterial properties and produces Hypochlorite in addition of myeloperoxidase
Hydrogen peroxide
A powerful antimicrobial solution
Hypochlorite
Process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane where T cell recognize them
Antigen Presentation
In antigen presentation, how are specific components brought to the cytoplasm
via Major Histocompatibility complex
Disease associated with the inability to kill organism
Chronic Granulomatous disease
Blood group associated with CGD
KELL group
Chronic Granulomatous disease has an impaired production of ____
NADPH Oxidase
Traditional test for CGD
Nitro Blue Tetrazolium test
Current test used for CGD
Flow cytometry
Abnormal Chemotaxis
Abnormal Random movement
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Abnormal Chemotaxis
Normal Random movement
Job’s syndrome
In flow cytometry, neutrophils are labeled with ____
Dihydrorhodamine
Result of CGD in flow cytometry
Less or absence of flourescence
Kills EXTRAcellular organisms
Phagocytes
Kills INTRAcellular organisms
NK cells
NK cells are also known as
Large granular lymphocyte
Markers of NK cells
CD 16
CD 56
Important cytokine for NK development
Interleukin 15
Receptor for the nonspecific end of antibodies
CD 16
Induces programmed cell death
Granzymes
Membrane disrupting proteins
Perforins
ADCC stands for
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
Primary purpose of Inflammation
Attract phagocytes to site of injury
Determine the cardinal sign:
Increased blood flow
Rubor - redness
Determine the cardinal sign:
Exudation of fluid
Tumor - swelling
Determine the cardinal sign:
Increased blood flow + exudation of fluid + release of mediators
Calor - heat
It is an endogenous pyrogen
IL-1
Determine the cardinal sign:
Stretch pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates
Dolor - pain
Determine the cardinal sign:
Pain, disruption of tissue
Functio laesa - loss of function
Stages of Inflammation (3)
Vascular response
Cellular response
Resolution & Repair
The stage of inflammation where mast cells release histamine
Vascular response
Phagocyte that secrete IL-1 during inflammation
Macrophages
Activates both B and T cells
IL-2
It causes fever
IL-1
Type of adaptive immunity wherein you’re exposed to the ANTIGEN
Active
Type of adaptive immunity wherein you’re exposed to the ANTIBODY
Passive
It gives a long term immunity but has a slow effect
Active adaptive immunity
It gives a short term immunity but has an immediate response
Passive adaptive immunity
Immunity that develops during convalescence from an infection
Active-Natural
Immunity from placental passage of antibody
Passive-Natural
Immunity from vaccination
Acitve-Artificial
Immunity from injection of gamma globulin
Passive-Artificial
Site of differentiation and maturation of naive lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
Bone marrow
Largest tissue of the body
Bone marrow
Bone marrow in birds
Bursa of Fabricus
Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, chest cavity
Thymus
Trapping site of pathogens
Secondary lymphoid organs
Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Spleen
Main site of antibody production
Spleen
Spleen specifically traps pathogens found in __
Blood
PALS stands for
Pariarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath
Graveyard for both withe and red blood cells
Spleen
Secondary lymphoid organs (10)
Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils Appendix Peyer's patches Adenoid MALT GALT BALT SALT
Medullary cords of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
a. T cells
Perifollicular and Paracortical regions of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
a. T cells
Follicular and Medullary of lymph nodes
a. T cells
b. B cells
b. B cells
Function of this tissue is the filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells in the tissues
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes trap pathogens in ___
Tissue fluids
Cortex region of lymph nodes contain ____
Macrophages
Paracortex region of lymph nodes contain
T cells
Lymphocytes enter nodes via _____ and exit via ____
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Tonsils trap pathogens in
Upper respi tract
Appendix trap pathogens in ___
Intestine
Parasite usually isolated from appendectomy
Enterobius vermicularis
Peyer’s patches trap pathogens in ____
Intestine
MALT, GALT, BALT, SALT stands for
Mucosal
Gut
Bronchus
Skin - Associated lymphoid tissue
Largest lymphatic vessel in body
Thoracic duct
Smallest white blood cell
Lymphocyte
WBC increased in Viral infections
Lymphocyte
Latest markers of B cells (3)
CD 19, 20, 21
Latest markers of T cells (3)
CD 3, 4, 8
Latest markers of NK cells (2)
CD 16, 56
Used to differentiate B to T cell
Sheep RBC
TdT
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase
A DNA polymerase active during the process of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangement
TdT
Life span of T cells
4-10 years
Cell-mediated immunity
T cells
Product of T cells
Cytokines
CD4 +
CD8 -
T-helper cells
CD4 -
CD8 +
T-cytotoxic
Ratio of CD4/CD8
2 : 1
Suppress immune response
T-regulatory cells
Producers of IFN-gamma, TNF beta, IL-2
type 1 T-helper
Type 2 T-helper cells produce (6)
IL-4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13
Help B cells produce antibodies against EXTRAcellular pathogens
type 2 T-helper
