MTAP BB Flashcards
parental genes must separate randomly and equally into gametes during meiosis. no allele has an advantage over the other.
a. law of independent segregation
b. law of independent assortment
c. law of dominance
a. law of independent segregation
genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other. this allows for all possible combinations of genes to occur.
a. law of independent segregation
b. law of independent assortment
c. law of dominance
b. law of independent assortment
when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, the allele that is expressed is dominant, whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive.
a. law of independent segregation
b. law of independent assortment
c. law of dominance
c. law of dominance
developed a mathematical formula that allowed the study of Mendelian inheritance in great detail.
a. G. Kohler & C. Milstein
b. G.H. Hardy & W. Weinberg
c. Rous & Turner
b. G.H. Hardy & W. Weinberg
one of the best tools for studying gene frequencies in human populations.
Hardy-Weinberg
genes are expressed equally.
codominant
50% of transfused RBCs should remain viable in the patient’s bloodstream for 24 hours.
true or false
false (75%)
requirement temperature for platelet concentrate and granulocyte concentrate.
20 - 24C
requirement temperature for FFP and cryoprecipitate.
-18C
requirement temperature if has red blood cell units
1 - 6C and 1 - 10C
decreased ATP level can cause damage to the cell membrane.
T or F
true
preservative of primary bags that has 35 days shelf life.
citrate-phosphate-adenine (CPDA1)
preservatives of primary bags that have/have 21 days shelf life. (3)
- acid-citrate-dextrose ACD
- citrate-phosphate-dextrose CPD
- citrate-phosphate-double dextrose CP2D
additive solutions prolong red cell survival up to ____ days.
42
additive solution:
isotonic.
saline
additive solution:
maintains ATP levels.
adenine
additive solution:
source of energy.
glucose
additive solution:
prevents storage-related hemolysis.
mannitol
can be added to expired RBC units and can extend up to 24 hours. (up to __ days after expiration)
rejuvenation solutions; 3 days
rejuvenation solution:
serves as buffer.
phosphate
rejuvenation solution:
Maintains 2,3-DPG levels.
Inosine and pyruvate
rejuvenation solution:
Maintains ATP levels.
adenine
it offers the longest shelf life (10 yrs.)
red cell freezing
red cell freezing requires what temperature.
-65C
cryoprotective agent.
glycerol
primarily used for autologous units and storage of rare blood types.
red cell freezing
blood group antigens:
inheritance is controlled by a gene or two closely linked genes.
a. system
b. collection
c. high incidence series
d. low incidence series
a. system
blood group antigens:
antigens demonstrate serologic relationship but no independent inheritance.
a. system
b. collection
c. high incidence series
d. low incidence series
b. collection
blood group antigens:
observed in > 90% of random population.
a. system
b. collection
c. high incidence series
d. low incidence series
c. high incidence series
blood group antigens:
observed in < 1% of random population.
a. system
b. collection
c. high incidence series
d. low incidence series
d. low incidence series
an antibody is clinically significant when it reacts to what temperature.
37C
antibody occurs even without exposure to antigens.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
a. naturally occurring
antibody occurs after exposure to RBC antigens.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
b. immune antibodies
antibody type is IgM.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
a. naturally occurring
antibody type is IgG.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
b. immune antibodies
temperature reactivity is 4-22C.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
a. naturally occurring
temperature reactivity is 37C.
a. naturally occurring
b. immune antibodies
b. immune antibodies
IgM is ___.
a. warm reactive antibody
b. cold reactive antibody
b. cold reactive antibody
IgG is ____.
a. warm reactive antibody
b. cold reactive antibody
a. warm reactive antibody
positive sign of antigen-antibody rxn:
due to complement activation.
hemolysis
positive sign of antigen-antibody rxn:
most common.
hemagglutination
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
one solid agglutinate; clear supernatant.
4+
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
presence of minor population of agglutinated cells superimposed on a negative background.
mixed field
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
several large agglutinates; clear supernatant.
3+
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
no agglutination.
0
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
medium-sized agglutinates; clear background.
2+
grading of agglutination reaction: tube method
small agglutinates; turbid background.
1+
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
RBC agglutinates at the top of gel column.
4+
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
RBC agglutinates at the upper half of gel column.
3+
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
RBC agglutinates throughout the gel column.
2+
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
RBC agglutinates at the lower half of gel column.
1+
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
unagglutinated RBCs (pellet) at the bottom of gel.
0
grading of agglutination reaction: gel method
presence of layer of agglutinated RBCs on top of the gel accompanied by a pellet of unagglutinated cells at the bottom of the tube.
mixed field
what is the optimal pH for agglutination reaction?
neutral pH
immunoglobulin that is most efficient in agglutination.
IgM
immunoglobulin that is poor in agglutination.
IgG
blood groups that show dosage.
MNS, Duffy, Lutheran, Kidd, Rh (except D)
media that helps detects IgG antibodies.
enhancement media/potentiators
potentiators:
its advantage is shorter incubation time.
a. LISS
b. enzymes
c. AHG
a. LISS
potentiators:
Rh, Kidd, Lewis, I, P1
a. Enhances reaction
b. Destroys reaction
a. Enhances reaction
potentiators:
MNS, Duffy, Chido, Rodgers, Xg^a
a. Enhances reaction
b. Destroys reaction
b. Destroys reaction
immediate spin detects what immunoglobulin?
IgM
37C incubation detects what immunoglobulin?
IgG
Antiglobulin test detects what immunoglobulin?
IgG
Test mixture is centrifuged at room temperature.
a. immediate spin
b. 37C incubation
c. Antiglobulin test
a. immediate spin
Sensitization of red cells occurs.
a. immediate spin
b. 37C incubation
c. Antiglobulin test
b. 37C incubation
Contains antibodies that bind Fc portion of IgG, cross linking red cells
a. immediate spin
b. 37C incubation
c. Antiglobulin test
c. Antiglobulin test
visible result of immediate spin.
agglutination
visible result of 37C incubation.
hemolysis
visible result of Antiglobulin test.
agglutination
“coombs test”
a. immediate spin
b. 37C incubation
c. Antiglobulin test
c. Antiglobulin test
how to validate negative results in DAT and IAT?
check cells/ coombs’ control
detects bound antibodies to RBC (in vivo sensitization of RBC).
a. DAT
b. IAT
a. DAT
detects serum antibodies. (in vitro sensitization of RBC )
a. DAT
b. IAT
b. IAT
Specimen:
Patient’s washed RBC
a. DAT
b. IAT
a. DAT
Specimen:
Px’s serum + reagent red cells
a. DAT
b. IAT
b. IAT
does not require 37C incubation.
a. DAT
b. IAT
a. DAT
requires 37C incubation.
a. DAT
b. IAT
b. IAT
Ratio of serum to cells for antiglobulin test.
40:1
Inadequate washing of red cells causes ______ result.
false negative
Centrifugation required for antiglobulin test.
1000 RCF for 20 seconds
false results in AHG:
clotted specimen.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
inadequate washing of cells.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
bacterial contamination of cells.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
inadequate incubation conditions.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
metal contamination of saline.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
old serum samples.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
dirty glasswares.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
serum/AHG is not added.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
over centrifugation.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
undercentrifugation.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
overreading.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
cell suspension too weak or too heavy
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
false results in AHG:
contaminated AHG.
a. false positive
b. false negative
a. false positive
false results in AHG:
non-reactive AHG.
a. false positive
b. false negative
b. false negative
ABO gene in chromosome ___.
9
H gene in chromosome __.
19
Secretor gene in chromosome __.
19
SeSe/Sese.
a. Secretor
b. Non secretor
a. Secretor
sese.
a. Secretor
b. Non secretor
b. Non secretor
N acetyl galactosamine.
a. A antigen
b. B antigen
c. H antigen
a. A antigen
D galactose.
a. A antigen
b. B antigen
c. H antigen
b. B antigen
L fucose.
a. A antigen
b. B antigen
c. H antigen
c. H antigen
Formation: 37th day of fetal life.
a. antigen
b. antibody
a. antigen
Formation: start: 3-6 months. Peak: 5-10 yrs old.
a. antigen
b. antibody
b. antibody
Amorph or silent gene.
O gene
identify the blood type:
Anti A = 4+
Anti B = 0
A1 cells = 0
B cells = 4+
type A
identify the blood type:
Anti A = 0
Anti B = 4+
A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 0
type B
identify the blood type:
Anti A = 4+
Anti B = 4+
A1 cells = 0
B cells = 0
type AB
identify the blood type:
Anti A = 0
Anti B = 0
A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 4+
type O
identify the blood type:
AA, AO
type a
identify the blood type:
BB, BO
type B
identify the blood type:
OO
type O
identify the blood type:
AB
type AB
Determines the possible genotypes of an offspring after mating.
Abo matings:
determine the % of genotypes:
mother = AA father = BO
50% chance type AB
50% chance type A
Is there a possibility of 4 different ABO blood types among the offspring?
yes
determine the % of genotypes:
Mother = AO Father = BO
25% chance for Type AB
25% chance for Type B
25% chance for Type A
25% chance for Type O
A subgroup:
Antigens present: A and A1
a. A1
b. A
A1
A subgroup:
Antigens present: A
a. A1
b. A
b. A
common antibody of A1 and A.
anti-B
Reaction with Anti A1 lectin of A1.
4+
Reaction with Anti A1 lectin of A.
0
Source of Anti A1 lectin.
a. Ulex europaeus
b. Dolichos Biflorus
Dolichos Biflorus
Seed extracts that can agglutinate human RBCs
Lectin
rarest blood type.
Bombay phenotype
possible donor of Bombay phenotype.
only Bombay phenotype
hh sese
a. Classical Bombay
b. Para-Bombay
a. Classical Bombay
hh Se
a. Classical Bombay
b. Para-Bombay
b. Para-Bombay
Source of Anti H lectin.
a. Ulex europaeus
b. Dolichos Biflorus
a. Ulex europaeus
ABO typing discrepancies:
missing/weakly reacting Antibody
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
a. group 1
ABO typing discrepancies:
missing/weakly reacting Antigen
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
ABO typing discrepancies:
plasma protein abnormality
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
c. group 3
ABO typing discrepancies:
miscellaneous
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
d. group 4
ABO typing discrepancies:
Newborns, elderly
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
a. group 1
ABO typing discrepancies:
Cold reactive ab
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
d. group 4
ABO typing discrepancies:
Leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
ABO typing discrepancies:
Multiple myeloma
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
c. group 3
ABO typing discrepancies:
Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
a. group 1
ABO typing discrepancies:
A/B subgroups
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
ABO typing discrepancies:
waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
c. group 3
ABO typing discrepancies:
Unexpected Ab
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
d. group 4
ABO typing discrepancies:
cis-Ab
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
d. group 4
ABO typing discrepancies:
Inc. fibrinogen levels
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
c. group 3
ABO typing discrepancies:
Acquired B phenomenon
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
ABO typing discrepancies:
Hypogammaglobulinemia
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
a. group 1
ABO typing discrepancies:
Wharton’s jelly
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
c. group 3
ABO typing discrepancies:
Chimerism
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
a. group 1
ABO typing discrepancies:
Excessive amount of BgSS
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
ABO typing discrepancies:
Excessive amount of BGSS
a. group 1
b. group 2
c. group 3
d. group 4
b. group 2
occur when unexpected reactions are obtained in the forward and/or reverse grouping.
ABO discrepancies
Anti a = 4+ Anti b = 2+ A1 cells = 0 B cells = 4+ O cells = 0 AC = 0
a. acquired B phenomenon
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
d. Cold reactive antibodies
e. rouleaux formation
a. acquired B phenomenon
Anti a = 0 Anti b = w A1 cells = 4+ B cells = 0 O cells = 0 AC = 0
a. acquired B phenomenon
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
d. Cold reactive antibodies
e. rouleaux formation
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
Anti a = 4+ Anti b = 0 A1 cells = 0 B cells = 0 O cells = 0 AC = 0
a. acquired B phenomenon
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
d. Cold reactive antibodies
e. rouleaux formation
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
Anti a = 2+ Anti b = 4+ A1 cells = 4+ B cells = 2+ O cells = 2+ AC = 2+
a. acquired B phenomenon
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
d. Cold reactive antibodies
e. rouleaux formation
d. Cold reactive antibodies
Anti a = R Anti b = R A1 cells = 4+ B cells = 4+ O cells = R AC = R
a. acquired B phenomenon
b. Missing or weakly reacting antigens
c. Missing or weakly reacting antibodies
d. Cold reactive antibodies
e. rouleaux formation
e. rouleaux formation
stack of coin appearance.
rouleaux formation
blood group:
Also known as Rhesus factor since first experiment involved red cells of rhesus monkey.
Rh blood group
RHD gene
a. Chromosome 1
b. Chromosome 6
a. Chromosome 1
RHCE gene
a. Chromosome 1
b. Chromosome 6
a. Chromosome 1
RHAG gene
a. Chromosome 1
b. Chromosome 6
b. Chromosome 6
5 Fisher race antigens.
D, C, c, E, e
Codes for production of D antigen.
a. D gene
b. d gene
a. D gene
Does not code for the production of D antigen.
a. D gene
b. d gene
b. d gene
convert wiener to fisher-race:
Ro
Dce
convert wiener to fisher-race:
R1
DCe
convert wiener to fisher-race:
R2
DcE
convert wiener to fisher-race:
Rz
DCE
convert wiener to fisher-race:
r
dce
convert wiener to fisher-race:
r’
dCe
convert wiener to fisher-race:
r’’
dcE
convert wiener to fisher-race:
r^y
dCE
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
Dce
Rho hr’ hr’’
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
DCe
Rho rh’ hr’’
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
dce
hr’ hr’’
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
dCe
h’ hr’’
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
dcE
hr’ rh’’
convert fisher-race to blood factors:
dCE
rh’ rh’’
Rosenfield:
c
Rh4
Rosenfield:
D
Rh1
Rosenfield:
e
Rh5
Rosenfield:
C
Rh2
Rosenfield:
E
Rh3
Convert fisher race to rosenfield:
Dce = Rh: 1, -2, -3, 4, 5
Rh: 1, -2, -3, 4, 5
Convert fisher race to Rosenfield:
Dce
Rh: 1, -2, -3, 4, 5
convert to ISBT:
D
004 001
convert to ISBT:
C
004 002
convert to ISBT:
E
004 003
convert to ISBT:
c
004 004
convert to ISBT:
e
004 005
Adopted a 6-digit number for each authenticated blood group specificity.
a. rosenfield
b. fisher race
c. ISBT
c. ISBT
symbol of weak D.
Du
Principle of weak D testing.
IAT
D gene is in opposite direction to C gene
a. Genetic weak D
b. C trans
c. Partial D/D mosaic
b. C trans
Missing portion of D antigen molecule
a. Genetic weak D
b. C trans
c. Partial D/D mosaic
c. Partial D/D mosaic
Only few antigens present on RBC
a. Genetic weak D
b. C trans
c. Partial D/D mosaic
a. Genetic weak D
Rh antibodies may cause ___ and ___.
HTR and HDN
major Rh antigen and the most immunogenic.
D
Rh antigen:
Most immunogenic to least immunogenic.
D>c>E>C>e
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
Expressed on D+C+ red cells
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
f. G
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
Absence of C/c and E/e
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
Partial suppression of Rh antigens
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
b. Rh mod
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
C+e
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
e. rh i
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
c+e
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
d. F
unusual phenotypes of Rh:
Absence of all Rh antigens
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
b. Rh mod
c. Exalted D (D–/D–)
d. F
e. rh i
f. G
a. Rh null syndrome (—/—)
Le (a-b-)
a. Non secretor
b. Secretor
c. Secretor or nonsecretor
c. Secretor or nonsecretor
Le (a+b-)
a. Non secretor
b. Secretor
c. Secretor or nonsecretor
a. Non secretor
Le (a-b+)
a. Non secretor
b. Secretor
c. Secretor or nonsecretor
b. Secretor
Le gene in chromosome ___.
chromosome 19
MNS blood group system:
Mn antigens found on
a. Glycophorin A
b. glycophorin B
a. Glycophorin A
MNS blood group system:
U antigen found on
a. Glycophorin A
b. glycophorin B
b. glycophorin B
MNS blood group system:
Ss antigens found on
a. Glycophorin A
b. glycophorin B
a. Glycophorin A
MNS blood group system:
Cold reactive/IgM (2 answers)
a. Anti-M
b. Anti-N
c. Anti-S/ Anti-s
d. Anti-U
a and b
MNS blood group system:
Warm reactive/IgG (2 answers)
a. Anti-M
b. Anti-N
c. Anti-S/ Anti-s
d. Anti-U
c and d
MNS blood group system:
which antibody is ph-dependent (prefers slightly acidic pH)?
a. Anti-M
b. Anti-N
c. Anti-S/ Anti-s
d. Anti-U
a. Anti-M
MNS blood group system:
Common in S-s-U- individuals
a. Anti-M
b. Anti-N
c. Anti-S/ Anti-s
d. Anti-U
d. Anti-U
MNS blood group system:
Common in S-s-U- individuals.
a. Anti-M
b. Anti-N
c. Anti-S/ Anti-s
d. Anti-U
d. Anti-U
P blood group system:
what antigen deteriorates rapidly on storage of blood.
P1 antigen
Other sources of P1 antigen:
Hyatid cyst fluid
Pigeon eggs
Other sources of P1 antigen:
what is the source of one of the sources of P1 antigen?
Hyatid cyst fluid - E. granulosus
Pigeon eggs
common earth worm
P blood group system: Antibodies
Most are cold reactive
a. Anti-P1
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
c. Auto Anti-P
a. Anti-P1
P blood group system: Antibodies
Produced by “p” individuals
a. Anti-P1
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
c. Auto Anti-P
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
P blood group system: Antibodies
Biphasic IgG (reacts at 30C and 37C)
a. Anti-P1
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
c. Auto Anti-P
c. Auto Anti-P
P blood group system: Antibodies
Wide thermal range (IgM/IgG)
a. Anti-P1
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
c. Auto Anti-P
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
P blood group system: Antibodies
Found in cases of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
a. Anti-P1
b. Anti-P P1 Pk/Anti-Tj^a
c. Auto Anti-P
c. Auto Anti-P
I blood group system:
Rich in infant RBCs or cord cells
a. I antigen
b. i antigen
b. i antigen
I blood group system:
Rich in adult RBCs
a. I antigen
b. i antigen
a. I antigen
I blood group system:
Enhanced production in cases of M. pneumoniae infection.
a. Auto anti-I
b. anti-i
a. Auto anti-I
I blood group system:
Associated with IM, myeloid leukemia, cirrhosis
a. Auto anti-I
b. anti-i
b. anti-i
I blood group system:
Auto anti-I
a. IgG/warm reactive
b. IgM/cold reactive
b. IgM/cold reactive
I blood group system:
anti-i
a. IgG/warm reactive
b. IgM/cold reactive
b. IgM/cold reactive
Top 3 immunogenic antigens:
- A, B
- Rh D
- Kell antigen
Kell blood group system:
Rarely encountered
a. Anti-K
b. Anti-k
b. Anti-k
Kell blood group system:
ost common antibody after ABO and Rh
a. Anti-K
b. Anti-k
a. Anti-K
Duffy blood group system:
Resistant to malarial invasion.
a. Fy (a-b-)
b. Fy (a+b-)
a. Fy (a-b-)
Duffy blood group system:
Common in chinese.
a. Fy (a-b-)
b. Fy (a+b-)
b. Fy (a+b-)
Duffy blood group system:
Common in African-American black population.
a. Fy (a-b-)
b. Fy (a+b-)
a. Fy (a-b-)
