Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > MTAP 2 > Flashcards

MTAP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

kidney weighs

A

150g (male)
135 (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

urethra’s distance

A

20 cm
3-4 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

basic functional/ structural unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many nephrons are there

A

1 - 1.5 millions in one kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • seen in cortex alone
  • for Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion (removal of wastes)
A

cortical nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cortical nephrons percentage

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cortical nephrons is for

A

tubular reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons percentage

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

loop of Henle extends into medulla for the concentration of urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

percentage of cardiac output received by the kidneys

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Total Renal Blood Flow

A

1,200 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Total Renal Plasma Flow

A

600-700 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

carries the blood to the glomerulus

A

Afferent Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carries blood from the glomerulus

A

Efferent Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

surround the PCT and DCT

A

Peritubular Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • located adjacent to the loops of Henle in
    juxtamedullary nephrons
  • major exchanges of water and salts take place
A

Vasa Recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

coil of 8 capillary lobes collectively referred as the capillary tuft

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how much is filtered through the glomeruli

A

120 mL/min, or one-fifth of the renal
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

created by the varying sizes of the
arteriole

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

maintained by the exchange of water
and salts in vasa recta

A

Osmotic Gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the force exerted by albumin and other
proteins in the blood vessels

A

Oncotic Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

repels molecules with NEGATIVE charge due to endothelial cells’ negative charge

A

Shield of Negativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which is a smaller size afferent or efferent arteriole

A

Efferent Arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the Glomerular Ultrafiltrate specific gravity

A

S.G: 1.010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the Glomerular Ultrafiltrate pH

A

pH 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus.
  • responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content.
A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It secretes RENIN

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells stimulant

A

Low Blood Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells found in

A

Afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Macula Densa Cells found in

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Macula Densa Cells stimulant

A

Low Blood Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

First function to be affected in renal disease

A

Tubular Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Active Transport by PCT

A

Glucose
Amino acid
Salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Active Transport by Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Active Transport by DCT

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Passive Transport by PCT

A

Water
Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Passive Transport by Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Sodium
Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Glucose renal threshold

A

160-180 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Threshold Substances:

A

Sodium chloride
Amino acids
Potassium
Ascorbic acid
Creatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when urine glucose is positive while
blood glucose is normal.

A

Tubular Damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Tubular Concentration begins in the

A

Descending LH to Ascending LH

42
Q

The final concentration is in the

A

DCT to collecting duct

43
Q

selective reabsorption of water in an ascending loop of Henle and serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of
the medulla.

A

Countercurrent Mechanism

44
Q

Involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate.

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

45
Q

major site for removal of nonfiltered substances (foreign substances such as medications) due to their stronger affinity to the tubular cells.

A

Proximal CT

46
Q

Clearance Tests presents

A

Creatinine
B2-Microglobulin
Cystatin C,
Radioisotopes

47
Q
  • require the collection of a 24-hour urine sample along with
    a blood sample
  • endogenous procedure
  • not reliable for patients suffering from muscle-wasting disease, heavy exercise, and for athletes taking creatine
A

Creatinine Clearance Test

48
Q

Creatinine Clearance Test: Greatest Source of Error

A

use of improperly timed
urine specimen

49
Q

Creatinine Clearance Test normal values for men

A

107-139 mL/min

50
Q

Creatinine Clearance Test normal values for women

A

87-107 mL/min

51
Q

the earliest GFR test (40% is reabsorbed)

A

Urea Clearance Test

52
Q
  • Inulin: polymer of fructose
  • the original reference method for clearance tests
  • gold standard for measuring GFR
  • exogenous procedure (disadvantage)
A

Inulin Clearance

53
Q

a small protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells

  • Advantage: It is independent of muscle mass
A

Cystatin C

54
Q

Cystatin C molecular weight

A

MW: 13,359

55
Q
  • dissociates from human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at a constant rate and is rapidly removed from the plasma by glomerular filtration
  • not reliable in patients who have a history of immunologic disorders or malignancy
A

Beta2- microglobulin

56
Q

Beta2- microglobulin molecular weight

A

MW: 11,800

57
Q

can be valuable to measure the viability of a transplanted kidney

A

Radionucleotides

58
Q

patients were deprived of fluids for 24 hours before measuring specific gravity

A

Fishberg Test

59
Q

compared the volume and specific gravity of day and night urine samples to evaluate
concentrating ability

A

Mosenthal test

60
Q

Influenced by the number and density of particles in a solution

is most useful as a screening procedure

A

Specific Gravity

61
Q

has the disadvantage of requiring
large volume of specimen (10-15 mL)

A

Urinometer

62
Q

determines the concentration of dissolved
particles in a specimen by measuring
refractive index; requires correction

A

Refractometer

63
Q

measures only the number of particles in a
solution

A

Osmolality

64
Q

Serum Osmolality NV

A

275-300 mOsm

65
Q

Urine Osmolality NV

A

50 to 1400 mOsm

66
Q

determined by first calculating the osmolar
clearance using the standard clearance formula and then subtracting the osmolar clearance value from the urine volume in mL/min.

A

Free Water Clearance

67
Q

most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow

A

P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test

68
Q

obsolete, historical, results hard to interpret

A

Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) Test

69
Q

Centrifuged is calibrated every

A

3 months

70
Q

Centrifuged is disinfected every

A

weekly

71
Q

Average Daily Urine Output

A

1,200 mL

72
Q

Normal Daily Urine Output

A

1200-1500mL/ 600-2000mL

73
Q

Polyuria in children

A

> 2.5-3.0 mL/kg/day

74
Q

Polyuria in adult

A

> 2.5 L/kg/day

75
Q

Oliguria in Infant

A

<1 mL/kg/hr

76
Q

Oliguria in Children

A

<0.5 mL/kg/day

77
Q

Oliguria in Adult

A

<400 mL/day

78
Q

for detection of prostatic infection

A

Three Glass technique

79
Q

Drug Specimen volume

A

30-45 mL

80
Q

Drug Specimen temperature

A

32.5 - 37.7C

81
Q

12-hour urine for

A

addis count

82
Q
  • will precipitate protein (large concentration)
  • give a false-positive test for reducing substances
A

formalin

83
Q
  • floats on the surface of the urine
  • flammable
A

Toluene

84
Q
  • Interferes with the acid precipitation test for protein
A

Thymol

85
Q
  • Urine culture
  • Bacteriostatic to contaminants
  • interferes with the pH reading
A

Boric acid

86
Q

Routine UA Volume

A

10-15 mL (Ave: 12 mL)

87
Q

not indicative of actual renal disease not indicative of actual renal disease

A

Prerenal Proteinuria

88
Q

Bence Jones Protein: coagulates at

A

40 - 60C

89
Q

Bence Jones Protein: dissolves at

A

100C

90
Q

associated with true renal disease.

A

Renal Proteinuria

91
Q

a cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein

A

Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test

92
Q

Total volume of CSF in adult

A

140 - 170 mL

93
Q

Total volume of CSF in neonates

A

10 - 60 mL

94
Q

Xanthochromia if pink

A

very slight amount of oxyhemoglobin

95
Q

Xanthochromia if orange

A

heavy hemolysis

96
Q

Xanthochromia if yellow

A

conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated bilirubin

97
Q

Lymphocytes> Monocytes

A

Adults

98
Q

Lymphocytes< Monocytes

A

Neonates

99
Q

associated with cytogenetic analysis
product of fetal metabolism

A

AMNIOTIC FLUID

100
Q

AMNIOTIC FLUID method of collection

A

Amniocentesis

101
Q
A

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions