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MT 1 Flashcards

deez nuts

1
Q

How many languages do the modern Mayan speak

A

31

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2
Q

What is the modern Mayan distribution

A

Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador

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3
Q

Stephens and Catherwood

A

Mesoamerican Explorers & writers (chiapa & yucatan). Their writings challenges the idea that sophisticated society could not have arisen independently in the americas. Most notably, they introduced mayan culture to the world.

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4
Q

Antiquarianism

A

tradition of curiosity/inquiry of ancient civilizations driven by exploration, artifact collection and documentation. Antiquarianism is a NON systematic/scientific method of interpreting archaeological data (haphazard methods)

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5
Q

Thomas Gann

A

Example of an Antiquarian (Amateur Archaeologist)

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6
Q

Systematic Archaeology

A

Scientific approach of interpreting archaeological data.

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7
Q

Examples of systematic archaeology institutions

A

Carnegie Institute, Peabody Museum (Harvard), University of pennsylvania

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8
Q

What “Mesoamerica” is and how the Mayas fit into this concept

A

Mesoamerica is a region that spans central mexico through central america with several distinct cultures. The Mayan are a major culture within mesoamerica.

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9
Q

Paul Kirchoff

A

anthropologist who coined the term mesoamerica (1942)

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10
Q

Mayan Subarea

A

Southeastern region of Mesoamerica. Includes three primary divisions: the Southern area (Highlands), Central
area (Southern, Central and Eastern Lowlands) and the North area (Northern
Lowlands)

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11
Q

Maya Highlands

A

Area characterized by series of valleys enclosed by mountains/volcanoes with a temperate climate and well defined seasons. Hunters and gatherers occupied this region during the early Holocene prior to the development of permanent settlements. Major population centres include Joya de ceren, El Salvador (ancient farming village).

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12
Q

Maya Highland Resources, tools and culture

A

Obsidian, Groundstone tools (manos and metates, axes, chisels), Jade, Quetzals (feathered head dress)

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13
Q

Maya Southern Lowlands

A

Greater part of the Mayan subarea located in the north. The region is on a single limestone shelf and has a warmer climate compared the highlands with defined wet seasons (Greater seasonal variability compared to highlands). The region has several rivers including the Usumancita. The lowlands are the heartland of preclassic,classic and post classic Mayan civilization.

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14
Q

Maya Central Lowlands

A

area spans northern Guatemala, southern Mexico and north Belize. The area has a similar climate to the south lowlands. This region has seasonal wetlands (Bajos).

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15
Q

Maya Eastern Lanowlands

A

the “highlands of the lowlands”. Located along the caribbean coastal plain. The area has mountains, swamps and beaches.

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16
Q

Maya Eastern Lowland Resources, tools and culture

A

Salt, cacao, tropical fauna (white tail deer, monkey, cougars and reptiles)

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17
Q

Maya Northern Lowlands

A

Located in the northern half of the Yucatan peninsula. This area has the driest climate of the lowland region. Landscape is low and flat with little surface water. This areas has several cave systems.

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18
Q

Paleoamerican

A

15,000 BCE - 8,000 BCE. First peoples entered south america in this period.

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19
Q

First Peoples

A

first peoples used several pathways to settle in the americas as early as 15,000 BCE. By 13,000 BCE all of the americas were populated

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20
Q

Pleistocene

A

Geological epoch between 2.85 mya and 11,700 BCE. The late Pleistocene is also referred to as the last ice age. At this time areas of the Americas were vast grasslands and sparse forests with roaming herds of herbivores. Deglaciation ended in 11,700 BCE, marking the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene epoch.

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21
Q

Bering Land Bridge

A

dated to as early as 11,000 years ago. The land bridge connected modern day northeastern Russia and Alaska providing a migratory path for the first American peoples

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22
Q

Earliest settlement of the new world

A

earliest
human settlement of eastern Siberia dates to about 40,000 years ago. northeast Asian natives and the population that became Indigenous Americans appear to have separated
sometime between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago. This suggests that inhabitants of eastern Siberia (western Beringia) moved into eastern Beringia (Alaska) by about 20,000 years ago. Variability within Indigenous Americans mtDNA
suggests a dispersal through North and South
America south of Beringia sometime around
16,000 years ago.

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23
Q

Pacific Coastal Route

A

Alternate theory to Bering Land bridge. As glaciers waned at the end of the Pleistocene, a coastal route along pacific coast of the north Americas appeared as early as 14,600 years ago

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24
Q

Genetic Evidence

A

Genetic analysis of early central and north American peoples shows relationship between them and the native peoples of north eastern Asia

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24
Hoyo Negro
Archaeological site with genetic evidence linking early american peoples to native north east asians (Naia: remains of a woman who lived 11,750-12,900 years BP showing genetic evidence for this theory.) Hoyo negro is today an underwater cave.
25
Dual Pathway
Pacific coastal route along north america and an inland route allowed for the rapid expansion of human populations throughout the Americas. Both routes may have been used simultaneously or sequentially by different groups
26
Chiquihuite Cave
Very controversial site and much debated Dating of materials linked to as early as ca. 26,000 years ago. If correct, it provides very early evidence for human presence in the Western Hemisphere.
27
Tlapacoya
Located in valley of mexico. Partial human crania discovered at this site originally dated to 33,000 BP but recently redated to 10,500 BP
28
North American Clovis Big Game Hunting
Clovis culture spanning ca. 13,050 to 12,750 BP (11,100 – 10,800 BCE) Clovis named after type site near Clovis, New Mexico, where stone tools alongside remains of mammoths in 1929. Clovis people thought to be highly mobile hunters of large fauna ( mammoth etc)
29
Fluted-point Hunters and Megafauna
There is some evidence to suggest that fluted-point hunters were the first inhabitants of Maya region. However, most fluted points from Maya region are not typically “Clovis” (Have slightly concave edges ,smaller, found in conjunction with Fishtail points,they are also too young)
30
Los Griffos, Chiapa
archaeological site with both “Clovis-type” and Fishtail points. dated to 10,200 and 10,800 BP. found along side medium faunal remains
31
Los Tapiales, Guatemala
Only other fluted point site in the Maya area that produced radiocarbon data. Fragment of a lanceolate point is linked to a radiocarbon date of ca. 12,450 BP. Younger dates suggests fluted point technology is more recent than in other American contexts AND reflects a different adaptive strategy in a different type of environment.
32
Broad-Spectrum Hunters and Gatherers
wide variety diet including meats veg and fruits. Early occupants of the Maya area employed broad-spectrum subsistence
33
Lerma and Leaf-Shaped Points
Associated with remains that suggest a mixed diet of small game Earliest radiocarbon date from MacNeish’s excavations date to the Early Holocene (9270 ± 500 BP. Younger point compared to clovis and fluted point.
34
Santa Isabel Iztapan
archaeological site with lerma point discovery. dated to somewhere between 14,500 BP and 10,800 BP
35
Archaic Period
early: 8000 – 5000 BCE late: 5000 – 2000 BCE
36
Paleoamerican to archaic transition
Often defined by the onset of plant domestication. Archaic in Maya area began began with gradual intensification of subsistence practices
37
Intensification
Process by which resource extraction from fixed areas of the landscape is increased through labor. Agriculture is the CULMINATION of the intensification process (tech changes etc). Intensification undertaken in mesoamerica during the arachaic.
38
Early Archaic (ca. 8000-5000 BCE)
Warmer, drier climate (following the Ice Age) Seasonal wet and dry periods Megafauna are extinct. low population density. Intensification through strategic foraging – people exploiting mixed forest-edge habitats
39
The Seasonal Round/Base Camp Models
Cyclical movements based on availability of resources at different times of the year
40
Late Archaic (ca. 5000 – 2000 BCE
Appearance of cultigens such as manioc and maize Semi-permanent settlements Occupations of coastal and inland river drainages and valleys
41
Chantuto A (4650-3400 BCE)
Late archaic site. site located along inland reverine drainages. found large clams and cooking stones
42
Chantuto B (3400 – 2150 BCE)
same environment as chatuto A. found griding stones and evidence of maiz and squash
43
Arachaic Bifaces (Points)
triangular type points.
44
Lowe Points
example of archaic biface
45
Patinated Lithics
archaic lithics (tools) can often be recognized by theuir distinc patinas. Patinas range from 1-5mm in thickness and have a distinct white tone.
46
Orange Soils
Archaic settlements in the norther belize are found to have a distinct type of orange soil. studies show that this soil is windblown from the sahara.
47
Caye Coco, Belize
archaic settlement found to have distinct orange soil, and patinated tools with grain residue.
48
Northern Belize: Pulltrouser and Cobweb Swamps
Cores at Cobweb Swamp show extensive forest disturbance around 1650 BCE followed by increase in maize pollen
49
Constricted Unifacial Adzes (early pre ceramic)
archaic tool similar to an axe using for cutting and carving are found
50
Preceramic (Early Preclassic) Central Karstic Uplands
Two radiocarbon dates 1430 BCE from Yaxnohcah show widespread burning suggests deforestation to make way for maiz agriculture
51
Mayahak Cab Pek and Saki Tzul rockshelters
arachaic site with skeletal remains spanning 10,000 year range. Evidence for substantial maize consumption (30% of diet) in skeletal remains during late archaic.
52
“The 4.2 ka BP Event
years after 3900 years BP sees the new cultural adaptations we observe taking hold in the Late Preceramic period
53
Preclassic Period
Early 2000 – 1000 BCE Middle 1000 – 350 BCE Late 350 BCE – 250 CE
54
Early Preclassic (2000 – 1000 BCE)
settled lifestyle Farming communities Tools (Lithic and pottery) Social hierarchy and differential wealth Platforms and plaza architectural complexes
55
Preclassic Regions/peoples
gulf coast (olmec peoples) and soconusco (mokaya peoples) are the main preclassic regions
56
San Lorenzo 1250-900 BC
Early to middle Preclassic site
57
El Manati 1500-900 BC
Early to middle Preclassic site
58
Contact between Gulf coast and soconusco Regions
between 1800 to 1300 BC we see strong cultural influences between soconusco (mokaya) regions and gulf coast (olmec)
59
Barra Phase (1900 – 1700 BCE)
Phase during the early preclassic in which we see first known pottery, early village life and diversified substance strategies.
60
Paso de la amada
barra phase site with ceramics, early architecture (wattle and daub house) and Oldest known Mesoamerican ballcourt
61
Locona Phase (1650-1550 BCE)
early preclassic phase in which we see pottery, imported obsidian and greater social differentiation (Aggrandizers: Individual or group who seeks to elevate their social, political, or economic status by accumulating wealth, resources, or prestige beyond what is necessary for survival)
62
Ocos Phase (1500-1350 BCE)
early preclassic phase in which we notably find human figurines.
63
Cherla phase ceramics (1350-1200 BCE)
strongly influenced by the olmec cultur. white rimmed black ware storage vessels become common.
64
Magnetite Mirrors
Exotic olmec good often found with olmec figurines
65
Late Early Preclassic (1350 – 950 BCE)
After 1350 BCE, Paso de la Amada settlements were abandoned. Cantón Corralito founded by olmec settlers.
66
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan Early Preclassic Olmec Capital (1200 – 900 BCE)
located in the olmec heartland in the gulf coast. Early preclassic olmec capital
67
San Lorenzo’s Red Palace
Elite residence located in the early preclassic capital of san lorenzo. characterized by red sand plaster walls. The residence had massive columns carved out of basalt to support perishable roof and basal benches.
68
Colossal Heads
Monuments crafted in honor of Olmec rulers in san lorenzo. Depict rulers dressed as ball players. made of basalt.
69
El Manatí Offerings 1600-1000 BC
A sacrificial bog with artifacts dating to 1600 BCE in anaerobic conditions ( little to no oxidization)
70
Olmec political strategy
idea of kingship first appear with the olmec. Later societies adopted Olmec ideas of rulership and governance and religious beliefs

ARKY 343 (11 decks)

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