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2 MSK Anatomy > MSK Session 1 > Flashcards

MSK Session 1 Flashcards

principles and radiography

1
Q

name the 6 functions of bone

A 
support
protection
metabolic
storage
movement
haematopoiesis
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2
Q

describe the support function of bone

A

framework for maintaining body posture
limbs = pillars to support trunk
ribcage supports thoracic wall

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3
Q

describe the protection function of bone

A

ribs protect lungs and heart
skull protects the brain
vertebrae protect the spinal cord
pelvic structures protected by bony pelvis

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4
Q

describe the metabolic function of bone

A

living, actively-metabolising tissue
involves homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
storage and release of these is under mostly endocrine control

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5
Q

describe the storage function of bone

A

reservoir of calcium and phosphate
large amount of protein - collagen
bone marrow rich in fat
storage of important growth factors and cytokines

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6
Q

describe the movement function of bone

A

movement occurs at joints between bones

bones act ass an attachment site for muscles and tendons, use bones as levers

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7
Q

describe the haematopoietic function of bone

A

generation of BCs takes place in cavities

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8
Q

6 functions and description of voluntary skeletal muscle

A

locomotion: contracting of muscles across a joint lead to movement of that joint
posture: postural muscles enable us to maintain equilibrium
metabolic: glycogen metabolism
venous return: muscles in leg compress deep veins and help to propel venous blood back up towards the heart
heat production (thermogenesis): generation of heat from shivering muscles, increases metabolic rate
continence: muscles of pelvic floor responsible for the maintenance of urinary and faecal continence

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9
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

force-transmission from contracting muscle to bone

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10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone
support joints
prevent excessive range of movement

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11
Q

fascia

A

sheets of connective tissue
envelope groups of muscles and divide body parts into anatomical compartments
some sheets are very tough and so protective as well

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12
Q

fascia lata

A

in the thigh

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13
Q

hyaline (Articular) cartilage

A

found on ends of bones contributing to joints

very smooth = frictionless motion

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14
Q

fibrocartilage

A

higher collagen content than hyaline
important role in shock absorption
increases bony congruity at joints

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15
Q

what gives bone compressive strength?

A 
calcium phosphate (CaPO4) also known as hydroxyapatite
this mineralises the ECM
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16
Q

what gives bone tensile strength?

A

collagen

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17
Q

what cell synthesises new bone?

A

osteoblast

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18
Q

what do osteoblasts lay down?

A

first synthesise and deposit osteoid, matrix protein of bone
contains collagen mainly but also specialised proteins such as osteocalcin and osteopontin
then osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate into the osteoid to make bone

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19
Q

lineage of osteoclasts

A

from monocyte/macrophage lineage

formed by fusion of progenitor cells

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20
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

migrate over bone surface
secrete acidic chemicals to dissolve it
increase SA for absorption of minerals (Ca and P)
osteoclast absorbs them and secrete into ECF
process = resorption

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21
Q

what happens to osteoblasts?

A

become trapped in bone matrix
become osteocytes
trapped in lacunae & involved in signalling
communicate via fillipodia

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22
Q

name the dense and spongey types of bone

A 
dense = cortical/compact
spongey = spongey/concellous
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23
Q

trabeculae

A

thin spindles of bone tissue forming spongey bone

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24
Q

how many bones in adult sketelton?

A

206

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25
name the two parts of the skeleton
``` axial = longitudinal axis of body appendicular = upper and lower limbs ```
26
5 classifications of bones
``` long flat short irregular sesamoid ```
27
where are most long bones found and what do they do there?
appendicular skeleton | act as levers (controlled by muscles)
28
diaphysis metaphysis epiphysis
``` diaphysis = shaft of long bone metaphysis = diaphysis side of growth plate epiphysis = on other side of growth plate ```
29
periosteum | endosteum
``` periosteum = covers bony surface endosteum = lines the medullary cavity ```
30
describe the medullary cavity
in child: full of red marrow - involved in haematopoiesis | in adult: mostly yellow marrow - high fat content
31
what and and where does the nutrient artery go through
through a nutrient foramen | in the middle of the diaphysis
32
short bones
approximately as wide as long located in wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal) provide stability when working together provide a great range of movement
33
flat bones
in skull, thoracic cage and pelvis protect internal organs large areas of attachment for muscles
34
sesamoid bones
embedded in tendons protect the tendons from stress and wear provide mechanical advantage to a muscle crossing a joint over a wide range of movement i.e. patella in knee
35
irregular bones
complex shape - don't fit another category protect internal organ i.e. spinal cord no growth plate or epiphysis
36
head (bone)
rounded articular projection supported by a neck
37
condyle
large, knuckle like, articular projection
38
facet
smooth flat surface
39
epicondyle
smaller projection above the condyle (attachment muscles and ligaments)
40
trochanter
blunt projection (only femur)
41
tubercle
small knob like rounded process
42
tuberosity
large, often rounded, usually roughened, process (attachment site)
43
crest
prominent bored or ridge
44
line
less prominent ridge than a crest
45
spine
shape slender process (vertebra)
46
fovea
pit like land mark
47
sulcus / groove
furrow that accommodates soft tissue such as blood vessels, nerves or tendons
48
fossa
basin-like depression
49
cavity
spacious open area
50
notch
a c- or u- shaped depression
51
fissure
narrow slit like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
52
foramen
hole or window in the bone
53
canal
tube-like passageway
54
metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
neither cross the growth plate but an anastomoses forms when the epiphysis fuses in adulthood
55
avascular necrosis
death of bone due to loss of its blood supply most common cause is fracture more common in children as no anastomoses across growth plate (perths' disease)
56
bone remodelling
occurs in response to environmental factors due to a change in balance of activity of osteoblast and osteoclasts
57
what is a joint
an articulation between two or more bones
58
3 structural classifications of joints
fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints
59
fibrous joints: features and examples
``` united by collagen, very limited mobility, high stability sutures of skull inferior tibiofibular joint radioulnar interosseous posterior sacroiliac joint roots of tooth and mandible or maxilla ```
60
cartilaginous joints: features
use cartilage to unite bones | typically found in the midline of the body and epiphyseal growth plates
61
primary cartilaginous joints: features and examples
united by hyaline cartilage, completely immobile sternocostal joint xiphisternal joint epiphyseal growth plates
62
secondary cartilaginous joints(symphyses): features and examples
articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them symphysis pubis intervertebral discs manubriosternal joint
63
synovial joint: features and examples
joint cavity containing synovial fluid - lubrication high degree of mobility articulating surfaces = hyaline cartilage surrounding fibrous capsule - continuous with periosteum synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid knee D
64
3 exceptions to synovial joints and why | atypical
fibrocartilage instead of hyaline acromioclavicular sternoclavicular temporomandibular
65
6 types of synovial joint
``` plane joints hinge joints saddle joints condyloid (or ellipsoid) joints pivot joints ball and socket joints D ```
66
6 factors affecting range of motion of joints
structure or shape of the articulating bones strength and tension of the joint ligaments arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint apposition of neighbouring soft tissues effect or hormones disuse of a joint
67
where to synovial joints form?
the joint interzone chondrocytes die by apoptosis to form where the joint will be D
68
how many skeletal muscles are there in the human body
about 640 | most present in bilateral pairs
69
what can muscles do?
they can only: pull act on joints that they (or their tendons) cross
70
point of origin of a muscle
stationary anchor point, usually proximal
71
point of insertion of a muscle
mobile attachment point, usually distal
72
why is muscle contraction 'symmetrical'?
the force on the origin and the insertion is equal | stabilisation of the origin leads to the insertion becoming mobile
73
what dictates the action of a muscle on a joint?
the orientation of its fibres and the relation of those fibres to the joint
74
how do muscles work?
together, almost never in isolation | brain and spinal cord coordinate this complex task
75
synergist
act to assist prime mover
76
neutralisers
prevent unwanted actions that an agonist can perform
77
fixators (stabilisers)
act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving, stabilise joints
78
three types on muscle contraction
concentric (shortening) eccentric (lengthening, passive, lengthens and contracts) isometric (same length)
79
3 arrangements and also subdivisions of skeletal muscle
parallel: strap, fusiform and fan shaped (triangular or convergent) pennate: unipennate, bipennate and multipennate circular
80
compartmentalisation of limbs
muscles are contained within fascial compartments | the muscles within a compartment are usually share common innervation and action
81
what is a fascial compartment?
deep fascia surrounding muscles, nerves and blood vessels
82
4 ways of predicting muscle action
where does it attach how many joints does it cross how is it related to the joints which direction do the fibres run in
83
what is superficial fascia?
a subcutaneous fatty layer, found in most regions of the body
84
what is deep fascia?
thickened elaboration of the epimysium, envelopes muscle | made of collagen and elastin fibres, have a wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull
85
what do tendons do?
connect muscle to bone
86
what do ligaments do?
bone to bone
87
what do aponeuroses do?
connect muscle to muscle
88
what anchors bone to tendons?
sharpey's fibres
89
describe the tissues of tendons
dense regular connective tissue fascicles enclosed in dense irregular connective tissue sheaths low ratio of elastin to collagen poor blood supply low water content poor healing
90
describe the tissues of ligaments
dense regular bundles of connective tissue (mostly collagen) protected by dense irregular connective tissue sheaths poor blood supply = poor healing
91
what is the useful function of ligaments
mechanical reinforcements for the joints stabilise joints limit their range of movement
92
Hilton's law
the nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the intersections of these muscles
93
what controls segmentation?
Hox genes | mutation of these is called a homeotic mutation
94
what is serial homology?
Convergent and parallel evolution. This has been called serial homology. There is serial homology, for example, between the arms and legs of humans
95
when do the limb bud appear in development?
4th week
96
what dermatome map should we use?
Foerster dermatome map
97
what is a fracture?
a complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone
98
what are the 7 types of fracture?
``` transverse linear oblique non-displaced oblique displaced spiral greenstick comminuted ```
99
where are the ossification centres in long bones?
primary ossification centre = middle of diaphysis secondary ossification centres = middle of epiphysis separated by growth plates
100
what hormone may cause reduction in cell division in the proliferation zone?
growth retardation can be caused by - deficiency of thyroid hormone - excess corticosteroids
101
how can you determine a bone age?
look at the degree of ossification of short bones like the carpels which aren't fully ossified until 12years old discrepancy between bone age and actual age may indicate pathology
102
8 steps in fracture healing
1. haematoma formation 2. tissue death 3. inflammation / cellular proliferation 4. angiogenesis / formation of granulation tissue / procallus 5. soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus formation 6. consolidation / hard callus formation 7. lamellar bone 8. remodelling
103
the 8 stages of fracture healing are broadly divided into 3 steps
1. the inflammatory phase 2. the reparative phase 3. the remodelling phase
104
what does the inflammatory phase consist of in fracture healing?
haematoma formation tissue death inflammation / cellular proliferation
105
what does the reparative phase consist of in fracture healing?
angiogenesis / granulation / procallus forming soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus formation consolidation / hard callus formation
106
what are the units of density used in CT scanning?
``` Hounsfield units (HU) software can be used to create 'windows' to focus on different tissues ```
107
how does MRI work?
- some of the protons are moved out of alignment - the protons realign and emit a signal as they do so - this signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3-D image
108
on a T1 weighted MRI image how do fat and fluid appear?
``` fat = bright fluid = dark ```
109
on a T2 weighted MRI image how do fat and fluid appear?
``` fat = bright fluid = bright ```

2 MSK Anatomy (10 decks)

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