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2 MSK Anatomy > MSK Session 1 > Flashcards

MSK Session 1 Flashcards

principles and radiography

1
Q

name the 6 functions of bone

A 
support
protection
metabolic
storage
movement
haematopoiesis
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2
Q

describe the support function of bone

A

framework for maintaining body posture
limbs = pillars to support trunk
ribcage supports thoracic wall

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3
Q

describe the protection function of bone

A

ribs protect lungs and heart
skull protects the brain
vertebrae protect the spinal cord
pelvic structures protected by bony pelvis

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4
Q

describe the metabolic function of bone

A

living, actively-metabolising tissue
involves homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
storage and release of these is under mostly endocrine control

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5
Q

describe the storage function of bone

A

reservoir of calcium and phosphate
large amount of protein - collagen
bone marrow rich in fat
storage of important growth factors and cytokines

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6
Q

describe the movement function of bone

A

movement occurs at joints between bones

bones act ass an attachment site for muscles and tendons, use bones as levers

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7
Q

describe the haematopoietic function of bone

A

generation of BCs takes place in cavities

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8
Q

6 functions and description of voluntary skeletal muscle

A

locomotion: contracting of muscles across a joint lead to movement of that joint
posture: postural muscles enable us to maintain equilibrium
metabolic: glycogen metabolism
venous return: muscles in leg compress deep veins and help to propel venous blood back up towards the heart
heat production (thermogenesis): generation of heat from shivering muscles, increases metabolic rate
continence: muscles of pelvic floor responsible for the maintenance of urinary and faecal continence

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9
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

force-transmission from contracting muscle to bone

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10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone
support joints
prevent excessive range of movement

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11
Q

fascia

A

sheets of connective tissue
envelope groups of muscles and divide body parts into anatomical compartments
some sheets are very tough and so protective as well

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12
Q

fascia lata

A

in the thigh

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13
Q

hyaline (Articular) cartilage

A

found on ends of bones contributing to joints

very smooth = frictionless motion

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14
Q

fibrocartilage

A

higher collagen content than hyaline
important role in shock absorption
increases bony congruity at joints

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15
Q

what gives bone compressive strength?

A 
calcium phosphate (CaPO4) also known as hydroxyapatite
this mineralises the ECM
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16
Q

what gives bone tensile strength?

A

collagen

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17
Q

what cell synthesises new bone?

A

osteoblast

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18
Q

what do osteoblasts lay down?

A

first synthesise and deposit osteoid, matrix protein of bone
contains collagen mainly but also specialised proteins such as osteocalcin and osteopontin
then osteoblasts deposit calcium phosphate into the osteoid to make bone

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19
Q

lineage of osteoclasts

A

from monocyte/macrophage lineage

formed by fusion of progenitor cells

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20
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

migrate over bone surface
secrete acidic chemicals to dissolve it
increase SA for absorption of minerals (Ca and P)
osteoclast absorbs them and secrete into ECF
process = resorption

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21
Q

what happens to osteoblasts?

A

become trapped in bone matrix
become osteocytes
trapped in lacunae & involved in signalling
communicate via fillipodia

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22
Q

name the dense and spongey types of bone

A 
dense = cortical/compact
spongey = spongey/concellous
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23
Q

trabeculae

A

thin spindles of bone tissue forming spongey bone

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24
Q

how many bones in adult sketelton?

A

206

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25
Q

name the two parts of the skeleton

A 
axial = longitudinal axis of body
appendicular = upper and lower limbs
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26
Q

5 classifications of bones

A 
long
flat
short
irregular
sesamoid
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27
Q

where are most long bones found and what do they do there?

A

appendicular skeleton

act as levers (controlled by muscles)

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28
Q

diaphysis
metaphysis
epiphysis

A 
diaphysis = shaft of long bone
metaphysis = diaphysis side of growth plate
epiphysis = on other side of growth plate
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29
Q

periosteum

endosteum

A 
periosteum = covers bony surface
endosteum = lines the medullary cavity
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30
Q

describe the medullary cavity

A

in child: full of red marrow - involved in haematopoiesis

in adult: mostly yellow marrow - high fat content

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31
Q

what and and where does the nutrient artery go through

A

through a nutrient foramen

in the middle of the diaphysis

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32
Q

short bones

A

approximately as wide as long
located in wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal)
provide stability
when working together provide a great range of movement

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33
Q

flat bones

A

in skull, thoracic cage and pelvis
protect internal organs
large areas of attachment for muscles

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34
Q

sesamoid bones

A

embedded in tendons
protect the tendons from stress and wear
provide mechanical advantage to a muscle crossing a joint over a wide range of movement
i.e. patella in knee

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35
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shape - don’t fit another category
protect internal organ i.e. spinal cord
no growth plate or epiphysis

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36
Q

head (bone)

A

rounded articular projection supported by a neck

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37
Q

condyle

A

large, knuckle like, articular projection

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38
Q

facet

A

smooth flat surface

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39
Q

epicondyle

A

smaller projection above the condyle (attachment muscles and ligaments)

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40
Q

trochanter

A

blunt projection (only femur)

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41
Q

tubercle

A

small knob like rounded process

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42
Q

tuberosity

A

large, often rounded, usually roughened, process (attachment site)

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43
Q

crest

A

prominent bored or ridge

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44
Q

line

A

less prominent ridge than a crest

45
Q

spine

A

shape slender process (vertebra)

46
Q

fovea

A

pit like land mark

47
Q

sulcus / groove

A

furrow that accommodates soft tissue such as blood vessels, nerves or tendons

48
Q

fossa

A

basin-like depression

49
Q

cavity

A

spacious open area

50
Q

notch

A

a c- or u- shaped depression

51
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

52
Q

foramen

A

hole or window in the bone

53
Q

canal

A

tube-like passageway

54
Q

metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries

A

neither cross the growth plate but an anastomoses forms when the epiphysis fuses in adulthood

55
Q

avascular necrosis

A

death of bone due to loss of its blood supply
most common cause is fracture
more common in children as no anastomoses across growth plate (perths’ disease)

56
Q

bone remodelling

A

occurs in response to environmental factors due to a change in balance of activity of osteoblast and osteoclasts

57
Q

what is a joint

A

an articulation between two or more bones

58
Q

3 structural classifications of joints

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

59
Q

fibrous joints: features and examples

A 
united by collagen, very limited mobility, high stability
sutures of skull
inferior tibiofibular joint
radioulnar interosseous
posterior sacroiliac joint
roots of tooth and mandible or maxilla
60
Q

cartilaginous joints: features

A

use cartilage to unite bones

typically found in the midline of the body and epiphyseal growth plates

61
Q

primary cartilaginous joints: features and examples

A

united by hyaline cartilage, completely immobile
sternocostal joint
xiphisternal joint
epiphyseal growth plates

62
Q

secondary cartilaginous joints(symphyses): features and examples

A

articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them
symphysis pubis
intervertebral discs
manubriosternal joint

63
Q

synovial joint: features and examples

A

joint cavity containing synovial fluid - lubrication
high degree of mobility
articulating surfaces = hyaline cartilage
surrounding fibrous capsule - continuous with periosteum
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
knee
D

64
Q

3 exceptions to synovial joints and why

atypical

A

fibrocartilage instead of hyaline
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
temporomandibular

65
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A 
plane joints
hinge joints
saddle joints
condyloid (or ellipsoid) joints
pivot joints
ball and socket joints
D
66
Q

6 factors affecting range of motion of joints

A

structure or shape of the articulating bones
strength and tension of the joint ligaments
arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint
apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
effect or hormones
disuse of a joint

67
Q

where to synovial joints form?

A

the joint interzone
chondrocytes die by apoptosis to form where the joint will be
D

68
Q

how many skeletal muscles are there in the human body

A

about 640

most present in bilateral pairs

69
Q

what can muscles do?

A

they can only:
pull
act on joints that they (or their tendons) cross

70
Q

point of origin of a muscle

A

stationary anchor point, usually proximal

71
Q

point of insertion of a muscle

A

mobile attachment point, usually distal

72
Q

why is muscle contraction ‘symmetrical’?

A

the force on the origin and the insertion is equal

stabilisation of the origin leads to the insertion becoming mobile

73
Q

what dictates the action of a muscle on a joint?

A

the orientation of its fibres and the relation of those fibres to the joint

74
Q

how do muscles work?

A

together, almost never in isolation

brain and spinal cord coordinate this complex task

75
Q

synergist

A

act to assist prime mover

76
Q

neutralisers

A

prevent unwanted actions that an agonist can perform

77
Q

fixators (stabilisers)

A

act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving, stabilise joints

78
Q

three types on muscle contraction

A

concentric (shortening)
eccentric (lengthening, passive, lengthens and contracts)
isometric (same length)

79
Q

3 arrangements and also subdivisions of skeletal muscle

A

parallel: strap, fusiform and fan shaped (triangular or convergent)
pennate: unipennate, bipennate and multipennate
circular

80
Q

compartmentalisation of limbs

A

muscles are contained within fascial compartments

the muscles within a compartment are usually share common innervation and action

81
Q

what is a fascial compartment?

A

deep fascia surrounding muscles, nerves and blood vessels

82
Q

4 ways of predicting muscle action

A

where does it attach
how many joints does it cross
how is it related to the joints
which direction do the fibres run in

83
Q

what is superficial fascia?

A

a subcutaneous fatty layer, found in most regions of the body

84
Q

what is deep fascia?

A

thickened elaboration of the epimysium, envelopes muscle

made of collagen and elastin fibres, have a wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull

85
Q

what do tendons do?

A

connect muscle to bone

86
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

bone to bone

87
Q

what do aponeuroses do?

A

connect muscle to muscle

88
Q

what anchors bone to tendons?

A

sharpey’s fibres

89
Q

describe the tissues of tendons

A

dense regular connective tissue fascicles
enclosed in dense irregular connective tissue sheaths
low ratio of elastin to collagen
poor blood supply
low water content
poor healing

90
Q

describe the tissues of ligaments

A

dense regular bundles of connective tissue (mostly collagen)
protected by dense irregular connective tissue sheaths
poor blood supply = poor healing

91
Q

what is the useful function of ligaments

A

mechanical reinforcements for the joints
stabilise joints
limit their range of movement

92
Q

Hilton’s law

A

the nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the intersections of these muscles

93
Q

what controls segmentation?

A

Hox genes

mutation of these is called a homeotic mutation

94
Q

what is serial homology?

A

Convergent and parallel evolution. This has been called serial homology. There is serial homology, for example, between the arms and legs of humans

95
Q

when do the limb bud appear in development?

A

4th week

96
Q

what dermatome map should we use?

A

Foerster dermatome map

97
Q

what is a fracture?

A

a complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone

98
Q

what are the 7 types of fracture?

A 
transverse
linear
oblique non-displaced
oblique displaced
spiral
greenstick
comminuted
99
Q

where are the ossification centres in long bones?

A

primary ossification centre = middle of diaphysis
secondary ossification centres = middle of epiphysis
separated by growth plates

100
Q

what hormone may cause reduction in cell division in the proliferation zone?

A

growth retardation can be caused by

  • deficiency of thyroid hormone
  • excess corticosteroids
101
Q

how can you determine a bone age?

A

look at the degree of ossification of short bones like the carpels which aren’t fully ossified until 12years old
discrepancy between bone age and actual age may indicate pathology

102
Q

8 steps in fracture healing

A
  1. haematoma formation
  2. tissue death
  3. inflammation / cellular proliferation
  4. angiogenesis / formation of granulation tissue / procallus
  5. soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus formation
  6. consolidation / hard callus formation
  7. lamellar bone
  8. remodelling
103
Q

the 8 stages of fracture healing are broadly divided into 3 steps

A
  1. the inflammatory phase
  2. the reparative phase
  3. the remodelling phase
104
Q

what does the inflammatory phase consist of in fracture healing?

A

haematoma formation
tissue death
inflammation / cellular proliferation

105
Q

what does the reparative phase consist of in fracture healing?

A

angiogenesis / granulation / procallus forming
soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus formation
consolidation / hard callus formation

106
Q

what are the units of density used in CT scanning?

A 
Hounsfield units (HU)
software can be used to create 'windows' to focus on different tissues
107
Q

how does MRI work?

A
  • some of the protons are moved out of alignment
  • the protons realign and emit a signal as they do so
  • this signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3-D image
108
Q

on a T1 weighted MRI image how do fat and fluid appear?

A 
fat = bright
fluid = dark
109
Q

on a T2 weighted MRI image how do fat and fluid appear?

A 
fat = bright
fluid = bright

2 MSK Anatomy (10 decks)

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