1 Basic Concepts Flashcards
What do the words cranial and caudal mean?
- Cranial= towards the head
- Caudal= towards the tail
Which of the following is the saggital, coronal and transverse plane?
What is the embryological developmental origin of Bone, Connective Tissue and Skeletal Muscle?
Mesoderm of trilaminar disc
What are the functions of bone? (6)
- Support- framework
- Protection- eg skull protects brain
- Metabolic- homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
- Storage- calcium and phosphate, IGFs (insulin like growth factors)
- Movement- attachments for muscles
- Haematopoiesis-cavities of bone
Describe the general structure of skeletal muscle.
Striated muscle
Voluntary control
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? (6)
- Locomotion
- Posture-equilibrium
- Metabolic (see MEH)
- Venous return
- Heat production- shivering
- Continence (pelvic floor)
Name the 4 main types of connective tissue that have important roles in the MSK system.
- Tendons- connect muscle to bone
- Ligaments- connect bone to bone (supportive+prevent excessive movement)
- Fascia- sheets of CT-envelopp groups of muscles, divide compartments, protective
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Cartilage
- Hyaline- v smooth, helps frictionless motion
- Fibrocartilage - higher collagen than hyaline, shock absorption, increase bony congruity (make up menisci of knee)
What is the purpose of synovial membrane and what is it made up of?
= in joints, bursae, tendon sheaths
= produce synovial fluid - LUBRICATES joints
What is hydroxyapatite and what does it do?
=Calcium phosphate
=Mineralises extracellular matrix in bone
What is the major fibre type found in bone?
Collagen
Which part of bone gives it its:
- Compressive strength
- Tensile strength
- Compressive strength= calcium phosphate
- Tensile strength=collagen
What do osteoblasts do?
Synthesise new bone, deposit osteoid
What is osteoid?
Matrix protein of bone: collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin
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Describe osteoclast structure.
Multinucleate cell
Formed- fusion of progenitor cells (from macrophage lineage)
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Secrete acidic chemicals- dissolve bone matrix- forms pit- cortical bone
Releases absorbed minerals- blood
Once an osteocyte is formed it is trapped in lacunae. How does it communicate with other osteocytes?
Filipodia (projections)
Whats the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
- Axial= longitudinal axis
- Appendicular= bones of upper and lower limbs
What are the 5 possible shapes of bone? Provide examples of each
- Long- eg femur, humerus
- Short-Carpal and tarsal bones
- Irregular-Vetebrae
- Sesamoid-patella (protect tendons- embedded within them)
- Flat-skull, thoracic cage, pelvis (protect internal organs)
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Fill in the missing labels with:
- Head
- Facet
- Median epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
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What is a fovea?
Pit like landmark (bone)
What is a fissure?
Narrow slit-like opening- for passage of blood vessels/nerves through bone
What do depressions on the surface of bones allow passage for?
Blood vessels+ other soft tissues
Where does the nutrient artery enter the bone?
Diaphysis
What part of the bone do the periosteal arteries supply?
Periosteum and outer third of cortex
What part of the bone does the nutrient artery supply?
- Inner part of cortex
- Marrow
What are the metaphyseal arteries?
- Additional arteries in some bones
- Enter at site of attachment of capsule
In children what does the epiphyseal artery supply?
Secondary ossification centre in epiphysis
In an adult, when the epiphysis fuses, between which arteries does an anastomosis form?
Epihyseal and metaphyseal
What are soem risk factors for avascular necrosis?
- Fracture
- Alcoholism
- Excessive steroid use
- Trauma (non-fracture)
- Radiation (obliteration of small arteries)
- Thrombosis (blood clot)
- Hypertension
- Decompression sickness (small nitrogen bubbles)
What is the most common clinical example of avascular necrosis off the bone?
Intracapusualr fracture of neck of femur
Define ‘joint’
Articulation between 2+ bones
What are the 3 classes of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Outline the characteristics of fibrous joints. (3)
- United by collagen fibres
- Limited mobility
- V. stable
Name some examples of fibrous joints. (4)
- Sutures of skull
- Inferior tibiofibular joint
- Radioulnar interosseous membrane
- Posterior sacroiliac joint
Outline the characteristcs of cartilaginous joints?
- Cartilage unites bones
- Found in:
- Midline of body
- Epiphyseal plates of long bones
What’s the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?
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Primary cartilaginous joints:
- United by hyaline cartiage
- Completely immobile
- EG. First sternocostal joint (sternum and first rib)
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Secondary cartilaginous joints: (aka SYMPHYSES)
- Bones covered by hyaline cartilage
- Pad of fibrocartilage in between
- EG Symphysis pubis (pelvis)
Outline the characteristics of synovial joints.
- Joint cavity- contains synovial fluid
- High mobility
- Articulating surfaces- covered with hyaline cartilage
- Fibrous capsule surrounds joint (collagen)
What is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the joint?
- Permits smooth movement
- Resists compressive forces- shock absorber
What is the function of the fibrous capsule in the joint?
Stabilises joint
Continuous with periosteum
Describe the synovial membrane
Thin, highly vascularised membrane- produces synovial fluid
Name each of the following synovial joints and name an example found in the body:
- Pivot: Atlanto-axial (between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae)
- Ball and socket: Hip/shoulder
- Hinge: Elbow (ulnar and humerus)
- Plane: Carpal bones of wrist
- Condyloid: Radiocarpal joints
- Saddle: 1st carpometacarpal joint- base of thumb
