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2 MSK Anatomy > 1 Basic Concepts > Flashcards

1 Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What do the words cranial and caudal mean?

A
  1. Cranial= towards the head
  2. Caudal= towards the tail
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2
Q

Which of the following is the saggital, coronal and transverse plane?

A
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3
Q

What is the embryological developmental origin of Bone, Connective Tissue and Skeletal Muscle?

A

Mesoderm of trilaminar disc

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4
Q

What are the functions of bone? (6)

A
  1. Support- framework
  2. Protection- eg skull protects brain
  3. Metabolic- homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
  4. Storage- calcium and phosphate, IGFs (insulin like growth factors)
  5. Movement- attachments for muscles
  6. Haematopoiesis-cavities of bone
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5
Q

Describe the general structure of skeletal muscle.

A

Striated muscle

Voluntary control

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6
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle? (6)

A
  1. Locomotion
  2. Posture-equilibrium
  3. Metabolic (see MEH)
  4. Venous return
  5. Heat production- shivering
  6. Continence (pelvic floor)
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7
Q

Name the 4 main types of connective tissue that have important roles in the MSK system.

A
  1. Tendons- connect muscle to bone
  2. Ligaments- connect bone to bone (supportive+prevent excessive movement)
  3. Fascia- sheets of CT-envelopp groups of muscles, divide compartments, protective
  4. Cartilage
    1. ​Hyaline- v smooth, helps frictionless motion
    2. Fibrocartilage - higher collagen than hyaline, shock absorption, increase bony congruity (make up menisci of knee)
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8
Q

What is the purpose of synovial membrane and what is it made up of?

A

= in joints, bursae, tendon sheaths

= produce synovial fluid - LUBRICATES joints

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9
Q

What is hydroxyapatite and what does it do?

A

=Calcium phosphate

=Mineralises extracellular matrix in bone

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10
Q

What is the major fibre type found in bone?

A

Collagen

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11
Q

Which part of bone gives it its:

  • Compressive strength
  • Tensile strength
A
  • Compressive strength= calcium phosphate
  • Tensile strength=collagen
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12
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Synthesise new bone, deposit osteoid

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13
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Matrix protein of bone: collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin

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14
Q

Fill in the missing labels:

A
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15
Q

Describe osteoclast structure.

A

Multinucleate cell

Formed- fusion of progenitor cells (from macrophage lineage)

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16
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Secrete acidic chemicals- dissolve bone matrix- forms pit- cortical bone

Releases absorbed minerals- blood

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17
Q

Once an osteocyte is formed it is trapped in lacunae. How does it communicate with other osteocytes?

A

Filipodia (projections)

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18
Q

Whats the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Axial= longitudinal axis
  • Appendicular= bones of upper and lower limbs
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19
Q

What are the 5 possible shapes of bone? Provide examples of each

A
  1. Long- eg femur, humerus
  2. Short-Carpal and tarsal bones
  3. Irregular-Vetebrae
  4. Sesamoid-patella (protect tendons- embedded within them)
  5. Flat-skull, thoracic cage, pelvis (protect internal organs)
20
Q

Fill in the missing labels:

A
21
Q

Fill in the missing labels with:

  • Head
  • Facet
  • Median epicondyle
  • Lateral epicondyle
A
22
Q

Fill in the missing labels:

A
23
Q

What is a fovea?

A

Pit like landmark (bone)

24
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Narrow slit-like opening- for passage of blood vessels/nerves through bone

25
Q

What do depressions on the surface of bones allow passage for?

A

Blood vessels+ other soft tissues

26
Q

Where does the nutrient artery enter the bone?

A

Diaphysis

27
Q

What part of the bone do the periosteal arteries supply?

A

Periosteum and outer third of cortex

28
Q

What part of the bone does the nutrient artery supply?

A
  • Inner part of cortex
  • Marrow
29
Q

What are the metaphyseal arteries?

A
  • Additional arteries in some bones
  • Enter at site of attachment of capsule
30
Q

In children what does the epiphyseal artery supply?

A

Secondary ossification centre in epiphysis

31
Q

In an adult, when the epiphysis fuses, between which arteries does an anastomosis form?

A

Epihyseal and metaphyseal

32
Q

What are soem risk factors for avascular necrosis?

A
  1. Fracture
  2. Alcoholism
  3. Excessive steroid use
  4. Trauma (non-fracture)
  5. Radiation (obliteration of small arteries)
  6. Thrombosis (blood clot)
  7. Hypertension
  8. Decompression sickness (small nitrogen bubbles)
33
Q

What is the most common clinical example of avascular necrosis off the bone?

A

Intracapusualr fracture of neck of femur

34
Q

Define ‘joint’

A

Articulation between 2+ bones

35
Q

What are the 3 classes of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
36
Q

Outline the characteristics of fibrous joints. (3)

A
  1. United by collagen fibres
  2. Limited mobility
  3. V. stable
37
Q

Name some examples of fibrous joints. (4)

A
  1. Sutures of skull
  2. Inferior tibiofibular joint
  3. Radioulnar interosseous membrane
  4. Posterior sacroiliac joint
38
Q

Outline the characteristcs of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Cartilage unites bones
  2. Found in:
    1. Midline of body
    2. Epiphyseal plates of long bones
39
Q

What’s the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Primary cartilaginous joints:
    1. United by hyaline cartiage
    2. Completely immobile
    3. EG. First sternocostal joint (sternum and first rib)
  2. Secondary cartilaginous joints: (aka SYMPHYSES)
    1. ​Bones covered by hyaline cartilage
    2. Pad of fibrocartilage in between
    3. EG Symphysis pubis (pelvis)
40
Q

Outline the characteristics of synovial joints.

A
  1. Joint cavity- contains synovial fluid
  2. High mobility
  3. Articulating surfaces- covered with hyaline cartilage
  4. Fibrous capsule surrounds joint (collagen)
41
Q

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the joint?

A
  • Permits smooth movement
  • Resists compressive forces- shock absorber
42
Q

What is the function of the fibrous capsule in the joint?

A

Stabilises joint

Continuous with periosteum

43
Q

Describe the synovial membrane

A

Thin, highly vascularised membrane- produces synovial fluid

44
Q

Name each of the following synovial joints and name an example found in the body:

A
  1. Pivot: Atlanto-axial (between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae)
  2. Ball and socket: Hip/shoulder
  3. Hinge: Elbow (ulnar and humerus)
  4. Plane: Carpal bones of wrist
  5. Condyloid: Radiocarpal joints
  6. Saddle: 1st carpometacarpal joint- base of thumb
45
Q
A

2 MSK Anatomy (10 decks)

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