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ESA2 > MSK S2 > Flashcards

MSK S2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of agonists?

A

The main muscles responsible for a particular movement

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1
Q

What are the muscle groups?

A

Agonists
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators

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2
Q

What is the function of antagonists?

A

Oppose agonists

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3
Q

What is the function of synergists?

A

Assist agonists (neutralise extra movement)

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4
Q

What is the function of fixators

A

Stabilises action of agonist (eg by fixing non moving joint whilst agonist acts over two joints)

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5
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

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6
Q

What are the types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

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7
Q

Define isotonic contraction

A

Constant tension but variable length - the muscle changes length and moves the load

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8
Q

Define isometric contraction and give an example

A

Constant length but variable tension eg hand grip

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9
Q

Describe concentric contraction and give an example

A

Muscle shortens eg lifting a load with the arm

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10
Q

Describe eccentric contraction and give an example

A

The muscle exerts a force whilst being extended eg walking down a hill.
This type of muscle action can cause delayed onset muscle soreness

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11
Q

What are the muscle fibre types?

A

I Slow twitch
IIa Fast twitch
IIb Fast twitch

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12
Q

What is spatial summation in relation to muscle?

A

The more neurones which stimulate the muscle, the more fibres will be activated so the greater the overall force of the contraction.

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13
Q

What is temporal summation in relation to muscle?

A

The more action potentials that arrive at a muscle per second, the greater the force of the contraction.

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14
Q

What is tetanic contraction?

A

When the muscle is at it’s maximal contraction.

In the disease tetanus, this is caused by the toxin secreted by Clostridium tetani.

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15
Q

What is an EMG?

A

An electromyography
Electrodes may be placed above or in muscles to measure activity
Can be used to diagnose eg MND (motor neurone disease)

16
Q

What is a marker for muscle damage?

A

Serum creatine kinase

17
Q

Define ‘contracture’

A

A state of constant contraction caused by ATP depletion
Myosin heads are unable to detach from actin filaments
Seen in rigor mortis

18
Q

What components make up the axilla?

A 
Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Lymphatic vessels
Axillary lymph nodes
Axillary fat
Brachial plexus
19
Q

How are the sections of the Axillary artery and Axillary vein numbered?

A

In the direction of blood flow, ie in the artery, the 1st part is closest to the heart and the 3rd is furthest.

20
Q

Describe the first part of the Axillary artery

A

In the Axillary sheath

Has one branch - the superior thoracic artery

21
Q

Describe the second part of the Axillary artery

A

Posterior to pectoralis minor

Two branches: lateral thoracic artery and thoracocromial artery

22
Q

Describe the third part of the Axillary artery

A

Runs from pectoralis minor to teres major

Three branches: subscapular artery, and posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries

23
Q

Describe the Axillary vein

A

On the anteromedial side of the Axillary artery
Formed by the union of the brachial and basilic veins at the inferior border of teres major
Very variable between individuals
Is a collateral route of venous return in case of vena cava obstruction

24
Q

From which vertebrae do the roots of the brachial plexus originate?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

25
Q

What are the parts of the brachial plexus?

A 
Roots
Trunk
Divisions
Cords
Branches
26
Q

What nerves branch off the roots of the brachial plexus and where do they originate?

A

The C5, C6 & C7 roots all have a branch which goes on to form the long thoracic nerve
The C5 root also branches to form the dorsal scapular nerve and to contribute to the phrenic nerve

27
Q

How do the roots of the brachial plexus form trunks?

A

The C5 and C6 roots merge to form the superior trunk
The C7 root forms the middle trunk
The C8 and T1 roots merge to form the inferior trunk

28
Q

What nerves branch off the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

Suprascapular nerve and the nerve to the subclavius

29
Q

How do the trunks of the brachial plexus divide?

A

The superior, middle and inferior trunks all branch into posterior and anterior.
The anterior branches of the superior and middle trunks join to form the lateral cord
The posterior branches of the superior, middle and inferior trunks join to form the posterior cord
The anterior branch of the inferior trunk becomes the medial cord

30
Q

How is the lateral cord formed?

A

The anterior branches of the superior and middle trunks join to form the lateral cord

31
Q

What nerve(s) originate(s) from the lateral cord?

A

The lateral pectoral nerve

32
Q

How is the posterior cord formed?

A

The posterior branches of the superior, middle and inferior trunks join to form the posterior cord

33
Q

What nerve(s) originate(s) from the posterior cord?

A

AXILLARY NERVE
Thoracodorsal nerve
Inferior subscapular nerve
Superior subscapular nerve

34
Q

How is the medial cord of the brachial plexus formed?

A

The anterior branch of the inferior trunk becomes the medial cord

35
Q

What nerve(s) originate(s) from the medial cord?

A

Medial pectoral nerve
Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

36
Q

How do the cords of the brachial plexus become the terminal nerves?

A

The lateral and medial cords split.
A branch of each join together to form the median nerve
The other branch of the lateral cord forms the musculocutaneous nerve
The other branch of the medial cord forms the ulnar nerve
The posterior cord becomes the radial nerve

ESA2 (39 decks)

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