MSK S1 - The Skeletal System - Bones & Joints Flashcards
How much movement do each of the three joint types allow?
Synovial - most movement and most variety of movement
Cartilaginous - no/minimal movements
Fibrous - virtually no movement
What are the three types of joint?
Sinovial, fibrous and cartilaginous
What are the types of cartilaginous joint?
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Describe synchondroses (a type of cartilaginous joint)
Minimal or no movement
Covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage
Eg sternocostal joints and immobile temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of growing long bones
What are the types of synovial joint?
Hinge Saddle Plane Ball and socket Pivot Chondyloid
Describe symphyses (a type of cartilaginous joint)
Ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage
Held together by a disk of fibrocartilage and ligaments
Variable but usually limited movements
Eg sacro-coccygeal joint, manubriosternal joint,joints between vertebral bodies.
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
The Axial and the Apendicular skeleton
What three things does the stability of joints depend upon?
The shape, size and arrangement of articular surfaces
The ligaments
The tone of muscles around the joint
What are the types of fibrous joint?
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Describe gomphoses (a type of fibrous joint)
Found where the teeth articulate with the maxillae and the mandible
Fibrous connection called the periodontal ligament
Minimal movement
Describe syndesmoses (a type of fibrous joint)
Bones held together by an interosseous membrane
Examples: middle tibiofibular joint and middle radio-ulnar joint
What is the main purpose of the axial skeleton?
To provide protection to vulnerable and vital body parts
What is the main function of the Apendicular skeleton?
To allow motility
Describe sutures (a type of fibrous joint)
Only found between bones of skull
Limited movement until 20 years of age, then become fixed.
What are the functions of bone?
Support Shape Protection Body movement Haemopoesis Mineral storage Lipid storage
Where does haemopoesis take place?
In red bone marrow
Within bones, where are minerals stored?
In bone matrix
What are the types of bone?
Flat Long Irregular Short (cuboidal) Sesamoid
What is a Tuberosity?
A roughened or rounded elevation of a bone where a muscle/ligament attaches
What is a tubercle?
A small, rounded lump
What is a spine/spinous process?
A slender projection
What is a trochanter?
A large projection of the femur
What is a chondyle?
A large prominence or rounded surface
What is an epichondyle
A smaller prominence above a chondyle
What is a crest?
A ridge
What is a facet?
A flattened surface for joint or muscle attachment
What is a sinus?
A hollow space
What is a meatus?
A tunnel or canal
What is a foramen?
A hole or opening
What are the bone groups in the hand and wrist?
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
What is a fissure?
A cleft/narrow slit
What is a notch?
A large groove
What is a fossa?
A depression
What are the carpal bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
True or false: the metacarpals and phalanges are numbered from thumb to little finger.
True (ie the thumb is one)
What are the phalanges of the thumb?
The proximal phalanx and the distal phalanx
What are the phalanges of the fingers named?
Proximal, middle and distal phalanges.
What are the bones of the arm and shoulder?
Clavicle, Scapula and Humerus
What are the bones of the forearm?
Radius and ulna
What are some likely fracture sites in the upper limb?
Surgical neck of humerus
Humeral head
Scaphoid
Distal radius
Where exactly does the pectoralis major originate?
Clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle
Sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
Where does the pectoralis major insert?
Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
How is pectoralis major innervated?
By the lateral and medial pectoral nerves; Clavicular head (C5, C6), sternocostal head (C7, C8, T1)
What are the main actions of pectoralis major?
Adducts and medically rotates humerus
Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Flexion and extension of humerus
Where does pectoralis minor originate?
Superior surface of the 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages
What are the main actions of pectoralis minor?
Stabilises scapula by drawing inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
How is pectoralis minor innervated?
Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
Where does pectoralis minor insert?
Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula
What are the main actions of the subclavius?
Anchors and depresses clavicle
How is the subclavius innervated?
Subclavian nerve (C5, C6)
Where does the subclavius originate?
At the junction of the 1st rib and it’s costal cartilage
What are the main actions of serratus anterior?
Protracts scapula and holds against thoracic wall
Rotates scapula
Where does the subclavius insert?
Inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle
How is serratus anterior innervated?
Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Where does serratus anterior originate?
External surfaces of lateral parts of 1st-8th ribs
Where does serratus anterior insert?
Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
