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MSK EXAM I > MSK Embryology > Flashcards

MSK Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neural tube become

A

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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2
Q

when do the neuro pores of the neural tube close in development

A

cranial neuropore day 25 and caudal day 27

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3
Q

Where do Neural Crest Cells arise from

A

neuroectoderm as the neural tube is closing

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4
Q

What do the cranial neural crest cells become

A

bones, catilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face, neck

also sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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5
Q

What do the spinal neural crest cells become

A

DRG and autonomic ganglia, heart(fibrous skeleton)

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6
Q

what do both cranial and spinal nerual crest cells become

A

meninges, schwann cells and melanocytes

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7
Q

How many regions form from neural tube and how does this happen?

A

3 different regions because of neuron migration from neuroepithelium

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of neural tube

A

Ventricular
Mantle
Marginal

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9
Q

Describe the differences in and embryo and adult in regards to the ventricular zone

A

embryo- thick pseudo stratified epithelium called neuroepithelium and gives rise to nerons and most glia of spinal cord
adult- single layer of ependymal cells

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10
Q

Describe the Mantle zone

A

superficial to neuroepithelium
composed of neuroblasts(primitive neurons)
alar and basal plactes separated by sulcus limitans

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11
Q

What will the alar plate form and what will the basal plate form (of Mantle zone)

A

alar- sensory dorsal horn

basal- motor ventral horn

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12
Q

Describe Marginal zone

A

outermost layer of spinal cord, composed of nerve processes, axons and dendrites

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13
Q

What makes up a spinal n

A

a ventral nerve root and an dorsal nerve root

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14
Q

Where are DRG derived from

A

spinal neural crest

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15
Q

Where are neuroblasts derived from and what are they

A

derived from neuroepithelium and form the ventral motor horn neurons and dorsal sensory horn neurons

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16
Q

Where are gliablasts derived and what do they form

A

derived from neuroepithelium

and form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Describe the position of spinal cord to vertebrae at 3 months of development, at birth and in and adult

A

3rd month- spinal cord extends entire length of vertebral column
birth- spinal cord ends LV4-LV5
adult- spinal cord ends LV1-LV2

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18
Q

What is neuronal pathfinding

A

active movement of the actual axon to the target organ based on signals release from somatic mesoderm

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19
Q

When do the dorsal and ventral rami form

A

when somite splits

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20
Q

What is the epimere and the hypomere

A

splits of the somite. epimere is the dorsal ramus and hypomere is the ventral ramus

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21
Q

When does motor and sensory innervation get established in development

A

when spinal nerve innervates somite. have a myotome and dermatome

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22
Q

What is the difference between myotome and dermatome

A

myotome is all the skel m innervated by one spinal n while dermatome is all the skin innervated by one spinal n

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23
Q

What is the most common form of spin Bifida

A

spina bifida occulta when the vertebral arches of spinal cord fail to fuse typically not involving meninges or nervouse tissue

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24
Q

Types of spin Bifida cystics

A

meningocele- involves meninges

meningomyelocyte- involves meninges and spinal cord

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25
Q

What is Spina bifid a myeloschisis

A

most severe. neural plate fails to elevate and fold- cord reamins open and represented as a flattened mass of nervous tissue

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26
Q

What are the different fates of somites

A

Sclerotome- axial skeleton
dermatome- dermis
myotome- skel m

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27
Q

What happens at week 4 in vertebral column development

A

sclerotome shifts to surround spinal cord and notochord

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28
Q

What is the process called when verrtebral bodies form

A

resegmentation

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29
Q

Describe general resegmentation

A

caudal portion of each sclerotome condenses and then is split. caudal part fuses with cranial part below

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30
Q

What sclerotome is CV1 made from

A

caudal half of first sclerotome and cranial half of CV2 sclerotome

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31
Q

What makes up the intervertebral discs

A

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

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32
Q

What components make the annulus fibrosis

A

from mesenchymal cells which remain between the cranial and caudal portions of original sclerotome

33
Q

Where do ribs originate from

A

paraxial mesoderm, sclerotome

34
Q

Where does the sternum originate from

A

lateral plate mesoderm and somatic layer

35
Q

What forms the sternal bars

A

ventral somatic mesoderm forms pairs of vertevral bands

36
Q

What is congenital scoliosis

A

asymmetric fusion of vertebrae

half of vertebrae does not form

37
Q

Klippel-feil syndrome

A

fused cervical vertebrae, lack resegmentation during development
short neck. genetic maybe

38
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

anterior thoracic wall caves inward due to malformation of sternum and ribs

39
Q

Pectus carinatum

A

anterior thoracic wall protrudes outward due to malformation of sternum and ribs

40
Q

Where does skel mm arise from

A

paraxial mesoderm (somites)

41
Q

Where does smooth m arise from

A

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

42
Q

where does cardiac m arise from

A

specialized region of the splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

43
Q

Describe skel m formation

A 
mytome splits into dorsal and ventral portions
epimere(dorsal) gives rise to intrinsic back mm
ventral part (hypomere) forms anterior and lateral neck musculature, trunk mm and limbs
44
Q

What mm utilize tangential splitting of myotomes

A

abdominal obliques and intercostal musculature

45
Q

what mm derive from myotomes splitting longitudinally

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

46
Q

what lineage do myoblasts arise from

A

mesoderm cells

47
Q

what forms the muscle fiber

A

when myoblasts elongate and fuse to form myotubes and then contractile elements appear in cytoplasm of myotube

48
Q

Poland Syndrome

A

absent of underdeveloped pectorals, usually unilateral
seen with syndactyly of the fingers
cause unknown

49
Q

What lineage do the skeletal and cT parts of limbs come from

A

lateral plate mesoderm

50
Q

When do limb buds form and where

A

Upper day 26 or 27 form opposite lower cervical and upper thoracic segments
Lower day 27 or 28 from opposite lumbar and upper sacral segments

51
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge

A

ectodermal thickening at the apex of the limb buds

52
Q

What is the role of the AER

A

induces continued proliferation of distal limb bud mesenchyme

53
Q

Proximal mesenchymal cells on a limb bud differentiate into what?

A

chondroblasts (cartilage cells)

54
Q

What happens to the limb buds at week 5

A

distal ends flatten to paddle like hand and footplates, separated by circular constriction

55
Q

When do the digital rays forma nd how?

A

4 zones of apoptosis separate hnad and footplates. week 6 for upper limb
week 7 for lower limb

56
Q

Describe the proximal distal limb axis

A

shoulder- fingertips

57
Q

describe the anterior-posterior limb axis

A

thumb(anterior)- little finger(posterior)

58
Q

describe the dorsal ventral limb axis

A

back of hand (dorsal) to palm (ventral)

59
Q

what substrate determines the anterior posterior limb axis

A

RETINOIC ACID

60
Q

what bones begin ossification after birth

A

carpals, tarsals, patella

61
Q

When do secondary ossification centers form

A

mostly after birth

62
Q

What forms from areas where mesnchyme is less dense (inter zones)

A

joints

63
Q

Initially when myoblasts enter limb bud at week 5 are the one muscle mass or flexor/extensor

A

1 muscle mass. later splits into ventral and dorsal compartments

64
Q

When the upper and lower limbs originally form what direction are they in

A

laterally and caudally with thumb and great toe pointing laterally

65
Q

What happens to limb position at week 6

A

limbs rotate about 90 degrees and bend to a more ventral position with flexor surface now directed medially

66
Q

What happens to limb position in week 7

A

both limbs rotate but in opposite directions

upper limb laterally and lower medially (180 degrees total)

67
Q

why do dermatomes spiral around the limbs

A

because of limb rotation

68
Q

How do motor n get into limb buds

A

grow into limb after its formed with myotomal mesoderm. upper spinal nerves more proximally and lower spinal nerves distally
induces differentiation of myotome mesoderm into myoblasts

69
Q

Amelia

A

absence of limb due to suppression of limb bud during development WEEK 4

70
Q

Meromelia

A

absence of part of a limb

arrest of limb bud development during weeks 5-7 of development

71
Q

Phacomelia

A

type of meromeilia involving absence of long bones

72
Q

brachydactyly

A

shortness of digits

73
Q

syndactyly

A

fusion of 2+ digits
most common hand/foot anomaly
insufficient apoptosis

74
Q

polydactyly

A

extra fingers or toes

75
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

absence of digit

76
Q

Cleft hand or foot

A

absence of thir metacarpal or metatarsal and 3rd digit

fusion of thumb and second digit, fusion of 4th and 5th digit

77
Q

Congenital clubfoot

A

abnormal position because foot is inverted, adducted in plantar flexion.
caused by oligohydramnios

78
Q

amniotic bands

A

parts of amnion membrane free flowing and entrap portions of fetus cutting of circulation

79
Q

Congenital hip dislocation

A

underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur, laxity of joint capsule.occurs before birth
common in breech deliveries

MSK EXAM I (9 decks)

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