General Concepts DSA

Question 1

What types of cells are in fascia

Answer 1

static(fibroblasts and fixed macrophages

mobile(other macrophages and PMNs)

Question 2

What types of fibers are in fascia

Answer 2

collagen, elastin and reticular

Question 3

What is the ground substance of fascia

Answer 3

mucopolysaccharides

Question 4

Describe the most superficial layer of fascia

Answer 4

CT beneath skin. with 2 indistinct layers

Question 5

describe deep fascia

Answer 5

fibrous CT no fat.

surround musculature and forms a sheath for nerves and vessles for compartmentalization

Question 6

What are the 4 main types of deep fascia in the body

Answer 6

Retinaculum
Intermuscular septum
Neurovascular sheath
Bursa

Question 7

What is retinaculum

Answer 7

narrow band of deep fascia associated with a joint which functions to hold tendons close to bones as the joint is moved

Question 8

What is an intermuscular septum

Answer 8

partition between muscular groups like in upper and lower limbs

Question 9

What is a neurovascular sheath

Answer 9

tubular sheath of deep fascia around arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves that traverse and or feed a muscle compartment

Question 10

What is a bursa

Answer 10

CT that surrounds tendons as sheaths and overlay boney prominences and surround organs as bursal sacs
secrete serous fluid to reduce friction

Question 11

What are the components of bone

Answer 11

Cortex, cancellous, medullary cavity, periosteum and endosteum

Question 12

5 types of bone

Answer 12

long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid

Question 13

what is the function of sesamoid bones

Answer 13

develop within tendons to reduce erosion of tendons and change the angle of approach of a tendon to its insertion

Question 14

What are the 3 regions of long bone

Answer 14

Diaphysis- shaft
Metaphysis- expanded portion of shaft approaching the epiphysis
Epiphysis- distal ends of long bones

Question 15

3 Types of joints

Answer 15

synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous

Question 16

Describe two types of fibrous joints in the body

Answer 16

sutures- skull

syndemosis- union between two bones is accomplished by a fibrous sheet or ligament

Question 17

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 17

synchondrosis- united by hyaline cartilage like the epiphyseal plate
symphysis- union by fibrocartilage like pubic symphysis and joings between intervertebral bodies

Question 18

Characteristics of a synovial joint

Answer 18

articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
joint capsule around cavity
synovial membrane with synovial fluid
capsular ligaments
articular disks may be present.
joints are freely moveable

Question 19

What area of joints is absent of blood network

Answer 19

articular cartilage

Question 20

Where are nerve endings in joints

Answer 20

articular capsule and synovial membrane

Question 21

What are the 2 types of nerve fibers in joints

Answer 21

pain and proprioceptive

Question 22

These nerves in joints are usually branches of what

Answer 22

the nerves supplying overlying muscles and the overlying skin

Question 23

Types of joints and give examples of each

Answer 23

Plane or gliding(facet joints)
hinge(elbow and digits)
pivot (atlantoaxial joint)
condyloid (wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints)
Saddle (scaphoid)
Ball and Socket (should and hip)

Question 24

what is reference reversal

Answer 24

when a muscle switches its origin and insertion to vice versa.

Question 25

aponeurosis

Answer 25

tendinous insertion of a large sheet-like attachment

Question 26

different structures of muscle bellies and which are strongest, weakest?

Answer 26

fusiform (parallel fibers- weakest)
unipennate (parallel fibers that attach to a tendon obliquely
Bipennate (feather-like)
Multipennate (many feathers next to one another (strongest)

Question 27

what calf mm are “slow” twitch? “fast” twitch

Answer 27

slow- contraction short duration (gastrocnemius)

fast- contraction long duration (soleus)

Question 28

What does the right lymphatic duct drain

Answer 28

drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, and upper right limb via confluence of right jugular, right bronchomediastinal and right subclavian lymph trunks into right jugulovenous angle

Question 29

What does the thoracic duct drain

Answer 29

remainder of bodies lymph via lumbar trunks, intestinal trunk, intercostal lymph trunks, left bronchomediastinal trunk and left subclavian and jugular trunks into confluence of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins