General Concepts DSA Flashcards
What types of cells are in fascia
static(fibroblasts and fixed macrophages
mobile(other macrophages and PMNs)
What types of fibers are in fascia
collagen, elastin and reticular
What is the ground substance of fascia
mucopolysaccharides
Describe the most superficial layer of fascia
CT beneath skin. with 2 indistinct layers
describe deep fascia
fibrous CT no fat.
surround musculature and forms a sheath for nerves and vessles for compartmentalization
What are the 4 main types of deep fascia in the body
Retinaculum
Intermuscular septum
Neurovascular sheath
Bursa
What is retinaculum
narrow band of deep fascia associated with a joint which functions to hold tendons close to bones as the joint is moved
What is an intermuscular septum
partition between muscular groups like in upper and lower limbs
What is a neurovascular sheath
tubular sheath of deep fascia around arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves that traverse and or feed a muscle compartment
What is a bursa
CT that surrounds tendons as sheaths and overlay boney prominences and surround organs as bursal sacs
secrete serous fluid to reduce friction
What are the components of bone
Cortex, cancellous, medullary cavity, periosteum and endosteum
5 types of bone
long short irregular flat sesamoid
what is the function of sesamoid bones
develop within tendons to reduce erosion of tendons and change the angle of approach of a tendon to its insertion
What are the 3 regions of long bone
Diaphysis- shaft
Metaphysis- expanded portion of shaft approaching the epiphysis
Epiphysis- distal ends of long bones
3 Types of joints
synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous
Describe two types of fibrous joints in the body
sutures- skull
syndemosis- union between two bones is accomplished by a fibrous sheet or ligament
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis- united by hyaline cartilage like the epiphyseal plate
symphysis- union by fibrocartilage like pubic symphysis and joings between intervertebral bodies
Characteristics of a synovial joint
articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage joint capsule around cavity synovial membrane with synovial fluid capsular ligaments articular disks may be present. joints are freely moveable
What area of joints is absent of blood network
articular cartilage
Where are nerve endings in joints
articular capsule and synovial membrane
What are the 2 types of nerve fibers in joints
pain and proprioceptive
These nerves in joints are usually branches of what
the nerves supplying overlying muscles and the overlying skin
Types of joints and give examples of each
Plane or gliding(facet joints) hinge(elbow and digits) pivot (atlantoaxial joint) condyloid (wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints) Saddle (scaphoid) Ball and Socket (should and hip)
what is reference reversal
when a muscle switches its origin and insertion to vice versa.
aponeurosis
tendinous insertion of a large sheet-like attachment
different structures of muscle bellies and which are strongest, weakest?
fusiform (parallel fibers- weakest)
unipennate (parallel fibers that attach to a tendon obliquely
Bipennate (feather-like)
Multipennate (many feathers next to one another (strongest)
what calf mm are “slow” twitch? “fast” twitch
slow- contraction short duration (gastrocnemius)
fast- contraction long duration (soleus)
What does the right lymphatic duct drain
drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, and upper right limb via confluence of right jugular, right bronchomediastinal and right subclavian lymph trunks into right jugulovenous angle
What does the thoracic duct drain
remainder of bodies lymph via lumbar trunks, intestinal trunk, intercostal lymph trunks, left bronchomediastinal trunk and left subclavian and jugular trunks into confluence of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
