MSK Development Flashcards
During the fetal period, structures increase in size and cartilage begins to be replaced by bone formation HOWEVER, minimal ____________________ occurs.
Bone remodeling
Since minimal bone remodeling occurs during the fetal period, this makes the fetal more susceptible to what??
Give examples
Minor morphologic abnormalities that are the result of position constraints and abnormal mechanical forces.
Ex: torticollis or clubfeet may result from position constraints LATE in the pregnancy.
Rates of bone remodeling postnatally to adulthood
Postnatally: much bone remodeling occurs at a rapid rate of 50% annually in the infant and toddler
(Gradually slows with age)
Adult rate : 5% annually
What is epiphyseal growth of the bone?
What is it caused by ?
Longitudinal growth occurring at the epiphyseal plate
Caused by endochondral ossification process , which is caused by intermittent compressive forces applied parallel to the direction of growth.
What is appositional growth of the bone?
What is it stimulated by?
Increases in the diameter of bone or bone thickness that occurs through the laying down of new bone on top of old bone
Stimulated by increased compressive forces
(weight-bearing results in increased thickness and density of the shaft of the tibia)
True or false,
Epiphyseal growth and oppositional growth both respond similarly to mechanical loading, and the forces associated with weight-bearing and muscle pole
False
They respond differently
True or false
Lack of compression from lack of muscle pull and loading may lead to osteoporosis unrelated to aging 
True
Match which growth belongs to which option (epiphyseal or appositional)
A. Passive (gravity and weight)
B. Active ( with movements).
Epiphyseal growth (B)
appositional growth (A)
What is the consequence of having a fracture at the epiphyseal plate
Ceases bone growth + leg length discrepancy
This is a representation of?
Epiphyseal growth of the bone
This is a representation of?
Appositional growth of the bone
The growth and development of the muscular skeletal system is dependent on the NORMAL INTERPLAY of multiple factors, including:
Hormones
Nutrition
Mechanical forces
The immature muscular skeletal system is vulnerable to?
Abnormal mechanical forces and pressures
True or false
Alterations in the timing, direction, or magnitude of forces may have a harmful effect on the growing and developing musculoskeletal system
True
What are examples of the vulnerability of the immature musculoskeletal system to abnormal extrinsic forces?
Congenital deformities
Secondary musculoskeletal impairments
(Seen in children with neurologic diagnoses)
What is femoral torsion?
What does ante-torsion ?
What does retro-torsion?
What is the term?
Angle formed by an axis drawn along the head and neck of the femur and another through the femoral condyles.
Femoral torsion
What is the term?
The head and neck of the femur are rotated FORWARD in the sagittal plane relative to the femoral condyles
Ante-torsion
What is the term?
The head and neck of the femur are rotated POSTERIORLY relative to the condyles . Very uncommon deformity.
Retro-torsion
What results in : IN-TOEING
Ante-torsion.
What results in : OUT-TOEING
Retro-torsion
Femoral torsion and Version development in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 8 to 10 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
DECREASE progression
Hip extension limitation in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
INREASED progression
Hip abduction in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
SLIGHT INCREASED progression
Hip adduction in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
NO CHANGE in progression
Hip external rotation in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
DECREASED progression
Hip internal rotation in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
SLIGHT INCREASE
Coxa Valga, Genu Varum , Genu Valgum in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
(Tibial torsion / passive DF / passive PF/ total subtalar joint motion/ relaxed calcaneal stance) in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
Popliteal angle in the following ages:
- newborn
- 12 months
- 1 to 7 years
- More than 15 years
What happens to the progression?
+ how to calculate it?
