MSK Development

Question 1

During the fetal period, structures increase in size and cartilage begins to be replaced by bone formation HOWEVER, minimal ____________________ occurs.

Answer 1

Bone remodeling

Question 2

Since minimal bone remodeling occurs during the fetal period, this makes the fetal more susceptible to what??

Give examples

Answer 2

Minor morphologic abnormalities that are the result of position constraints and abnormal mechanical forces.

Ex: torticollis or clubfeet may result from position constraints LATE in the pregnancy.

Question 3

Rates of bone remodeling postnatally to adulthood

Answer 3

Postnatally: much bone remodeling occurs at a rapid rate of 50% annually in the infant and toddler

(Gradually slows with age)

Adult rate : 5% annually

Question 4

What is epiphyseal growth of the bone?

What is it caused by ?

Answer 4

Longitudinal growth occurring at the epiphyseal plate

Caused by endochondral ossification process , which is caused by intermittent compressive forces applied parallel to the direction of growth.

Question 5

What is appositional growth of the bone?

What is it stimulated by?

Answer 5

Increases in the diameter of bone or bone thickness that occurs through the laying down of new bone on top of old bone

Stimulated by increased compressive forces

(weight-bearing results in increased thickness and density of the shaft of the tibia)

Question 6

True or false,

Epiphyseal growth and oppositional growth both respond similarly to mechanical loading, and the forces associated with weight-bearing and muscle pole

Answer 6

False

They respond differently

Question 7

True or false

Lack of compression from lack of muscle pull and loading may lead to osteoporosis unrelated to aging 

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Match which growth belongs to which option (epiphyseal or appositional)

A. Passive (gravity and weight)
B. Active ( with movements).

Answer 8

Epiphyseal growth (B)
appositional growth (A)

Question 9

What is the consequence of having a fracture at the epiphyseal plate

Answer 9

Ceases bone growth + leg length discrepancy

Question 10

This is a representation of?

Answer 10

Epiphyseal growth of the bone

Question 11

This is a representation of?

Answer 11

Appositional growth of the bone

Question 12

The growth and development of the muscular skeletal system is dependent on the NORMAL INTERPLAY of multiple factors, including:

Answer 12

Hormones
Nutrition
Mechanical forces

Question 13

The immature muscular skeletal system is vulnerable to?

Answer 13

Abnormal mechanical forces and pressures

Question 14

True or false

Alterations in the timing, direction, or magnitude of forces may have a harmful effect on the growing and developing musculoskeletal system

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are examples of the vulnerability of the immature musculoskeletal system to abnormal extrinsic forces?

Answer 15

Congenital deformities
Secondary musculoskeletal impairments

(Seen in children with neurologic diagnoses)

Question 16

What is femoral torsion?

What does ante-torsion ?

What does retro-torsion?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the term?

Angle formed by an axis drawn along the head and neck of the femur and another through the femoral condyles.

Answer 17

Femoral torsion

Question 18

What is the term?

The head and neck of the femur are rotated FORWARD in the sagittal plane relative to the femoral condyles

Answer 18

Ante-torsion

Question 19

What is the term?

The head and neck of the femur are rotated POSTERIORLY relative to the condyles . Very uncommon deformity.

Answer 19

Retro-torsion

Question 20

What results in : IN-TOEING

Answer 20

Ante-torsion.

Question 21

What results in : OUT-TOEING

Answer 21

Retro-torsion

Question 22

Femoral torsion and Version development in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 8 to 10 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 22

DECREASE progression

Question 23

Hip extension limitation in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 23

INREASED progression

Question 24

Hip abduction in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 24

SLIGHT INCREASED progression

Question 25

Hip adduction in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 25

NO CHANGE in progression

Question 26

Hip external rotation in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 26

DECREASED progression

Question 27

Hip internal rotation in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 27

SLIGHT INCREASE

Question 28

Coxa Valga, Genu Varum , Genu Valgum in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 28

Question 29

(Tibial torsion / passive DF / passive PF/ total subtalar joint motion/ relaxed calcaneal stance) in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

Answer 29

Question 30

Popliteal angle in the following ages:

• newborn
• 12 months
• 1 to 7 years
• More than 15 years

What happens to the progression?

+ how to calculate it?

Answer 30