msk Flashcards
what is rheumatology?
medical management of MSK disease (as opposed to surgical approaches)
what are the 2 types of joint pain?
inflammatory and non-inflammatory
what are some types of inflammatory joint pain?
auto-immune
crystal arthritis
infection
what are some non-inflammatory types of joint pain?
degenerative eg osteoarthritis
non-degenerative eg fibromyalgia
what are some types of inflammatory, autoimmune conditions?
rheumatoid arthritis
spondylo-arthropathy
connective tissue disease
what is inflammation?
reaction of microcirculation
movement of fluid and WBC into extra-vascular tissues
what does inflammation look like?
red (rubor)
painful (dolor)
hot (calor)
swollen (tumor)
how may inflammation present?
- hot, painful, red, swollen joint
- stiffness
- poor mobility/function
- deformity
what is the difference in pain in inflammatory vs degenerative disease?
inflammatory - pain eases with use
degenerative - pain increases with use, clicks/clunks
what is stiffness like in inflammatory vs degenerative disease?
inflammatory - stiffness is sign, >60 mins, esp at early morning/evening (rest)
degenerative - not prolonged, <30 mins, morning/evening
what is swelling like in inflammatory disease?
synovial ± bony
what is swelling like in degenerative disease?
none, bony
is inflammatory pain inflamed?
yes, hot n red
is degenerative pain inflamed?
not clinically
what are pt demographics for inflammatory disease like?
young
psoriasis
FHx
what are pt demographics for degenerative disease like?
older
prior occupation/sport
what is joint distribution in inflammatory disease like vs degenerative?
inflammatory - hands n feet
degenerative - CMCJ, DIPJ, knees
CMCJ = carpometacarpal joint DIPJ = distal interphalangeal joints
how does inflammatory n degenerative disease respond to NSAIDs?
inflammatory responds
degenerative doesn’t respond as well
what is asked in an MSK history?
- where is the pain?
- what is the nature of the pain?
- is there any stiffness?
- is there any swelling?
- what is the history of these symptoms?
- how has this affected function?
what is ?degenerative? bone pain like?
at rest and at night
what is inflammatory joint pain like?
pain n stiffness in joints in morning, at rest nd with use
what is osteoarthritis pain like?
pain on use, at the end of the day
what is neuralgic pain like? (neuralgia = nerve pain)
pain n paraesthesia in dermatomal distribution, worsened by specific activity
what is paraesthesia?
pins n needles
what is referred pain like?
unaffected by local movement
which node is at the end of fingertips?
heberden’s node
which node is in the middle/knuckle area of fingertips?
Bouchard’s nose
what happens w SLE?
photosensitivity
mouth ulcers
what is a good inflammatory marker?
ESR
or CRP
what does ESR stand for?
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
what is the significance of ESR?
inflammatory marker
- rises w inflammation/infection
- increased fibrinogen = RBCs stick together = fall faster
- therefore ESR rises
- ESR rises and falls slowly
so its the rate RBC settle to bottom fo test tube after centrifugation
what is CRP?
acute phase protein
- released in inflammation/infection
when is CRP produced?
produced in the liver in response to IL-6
what are auto-antibodies?
immunoglobulins that bind to self antigens
what do u look @ biochemistry-wise with rheumatoid arthritis?
RF (rheumatoid factor)
CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide)
what do u look @ biochemistry-wise with SLE?
ANA (anti-nuclear antibody)
dsDNA (double stranded DNA)
what is the acronym for features of SpA? (Spondyloarthritis)
SPINEACHE
Sausage digit (dactylitis) Psoriasis Inflammatory back pain Nsaid good response Enthesitis (heel) Arthritis Crohns/Colitis/elevated CRP Hla B27 Eye (uveitis)
what is enthesitis?
inflammation of the entheses (sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone)
what is uveitis?
inflammation of the uvea — middle layer of the eye that consists of the iris, ciliary body and choroid
what is axial spondylitis/spondyloarthritis like?
bamboo spine
how to treat spondylitis?
NSAIDs for long-term
physiotherapy
now also: anti-TNF drugs! (works v welllll)
what is a hidden site for psoriasis?
behind the ear, nails
how do u manage psoriatic arthritis? (PSA)
similar to RA
- early intervention with DMARDs
- anti TNF drugs
what is reactive arthritis?
sterile inflammation of the synovial membrane, tendons and fascia triggered by an infection at a distant site, usually GI / genital
GI eg salmonella, shigella
STI eg chlamydia, ureaplasma urealyticum
what was reactive arthritis formerly known as?
reiter’s disease
when does reactive arthritis usually occur?
2d-2w post infection
what is the investigation for reactive arthritis?
- hot, swollen joint EXCLUDE septic arthritis and gout - raised ESR/CRP - aspirate joint to exclude infection/crystals - urethral swab, stool culture
what is enteropathic arthritis?
episodic peripheral synovitis that occurs in 1 in 5 IBD patients
- asymmetric lower limb arthritis
- usually reflects disease activity
if there’s inflammatory back pain, asymmetrical (large jt arthritis), skin psoriasis, IBD, inflammatory eye disease .. think?
spondyloarthritis !
what is a normal synovial jt like?
2 articulating bone surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage
fibrous capsule lined w/ synovium
inflammation of these structures = arthritis
what is rheumatoid arthritis a disease of?
synovial joints
what is RA inflammation like?
chronic inflammatory reaction
infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
what is RA proliferation like?
tumour like mass “pannus”
grows over articular cartilage
what is cartilage loss?
joint space narrowing caused by loss of cartilage in arthritis
when cartilage is lost, what happens?
- release of proteinases eg MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases)
- pro inflammatory cytokines eg TNF, IL-1
is RA more common in women or men?
2-3x more in women
what is an arthropathy?
disease of a joint (used regardless of whether there is inflammation or not)
what is spondyloarthropathy?
any form of arthropathy in vertebral column
what are symptoms of RA?
joint pain worse in morning morning stiffness lasts hrs loss of function fatigue, malaise extra-articular involvement
what causes RA?
immunological basis
- autiantibodies present eg rheumatoid factor
- immune complexes
- Ig’s and cytokines in synovial fluid
RA can affect extra-articular-soft tissues like?
nodules
bursitits
tenosynovitis
muscle wasting
how can eyes be impacted w/ RA?
sicca (dry eyes) corneal ulceration (scleritis)
what are lymph nodes n spleen like in RA?
lymph nodes may be palpable
spleen may be enlarged
what are some neurological effects of RA?
mild, sensory peripheral neuropathy
cervical instability
spinal instability
what are some resp impacts of RA?
pleural effusion
rheumatoid nodules
small airways disease
what are some CVS impacts of RA?
pericardial rub
pericarditis
pericardial effusion
define vasculitis sis
inflammation n necrosis of blood vessel with subsequent impaired blood flow
how can vasculitis be classified?
by:
- size of vessel affected
- target organ(s)
- presence/absence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
how does vasculitis present?
no single typical presentation
- systemically unwell, fever, arthritis, rash, weight loss, headache, foot drop, major event eg stroke
what must be excluded in a vasculitis diagnosis to ensure correct treatment?
sepsis, hepatitis
malignancy
other eg cholesterol emboli
name an example of large vessel vasculitis
giant cell (temporal) arteritis
name an example of giant cell (temporal arteritis)
granulomatous arteritis of aorta and larger vessels
how can giant cell arteritis be treated?
prompt corticosteroids
prednisolone
what is the most common condition affecting synovial joints?
osteoarthritis