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Phase2A > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

age related reaction of a joint to insult or injury

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2
Q

which inflammatory mediators are seen in osteoarthritis?

A

IL1 and TNF-a

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3
Q

which type of tissue is most affected in osteoarthritis?

A

articular cartilage

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4
Q

what are the radiological features of a joint affected by osteoarthritis?

A 
joint space narrowing
osteophyte formation
subchondral sclerosis
subchondral cysts
bone contour abnormalities
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5
Q

what is an osteophyte?

A

a bony projection associated with the degeneration of cartilage in joints

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6
Q

what are heberden’s nodes?

A

swellings of the finger joints specifically at the distal interphalangeal joints (dip)

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7
Q

what are bouchard’s nodes?

A

swellings of the finger joints specifically at the proximal interphalangeal joints (pip)

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8
Q

where does osteoarthritis of the knees begin?

A

medially

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9
Q

where will hip joint pain commonly be felt?

A

groin

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10
Q

what type of joint is affected by osteoarthritis?

A

synovial joint

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11
Q

what are the causes of primary and secondary osteoarthritis?

A

primary-idiopathic

secondary-joint disease, haemochromatosis, obesity, occupational

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12
Q

what are risk factors of OA?

A 
age increase
female
diabetes
hypermobility of joints
obesity
occupation
inflammatory arthritis
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13
Q

which joints are most commonly affected in OA?

A 
DIP joints
first carpometacarpal joints (base of thumb)
first metatarsophalangeal joint of foot
vertebra
hips
knees
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14
Q

what is crepitus?

A

joint grating/crunching during movement

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15
Q

what is the pattern of joint stiffness and pain in OA?

A

joint pain made worse by movement and relieved by rest

morning stiffness lasts less than 30 mins

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16
Q

what is non medical treatment of OA?

A 
weight loss if obese
exercise
heat/ice packs
supportive footwear/joint supports
acupuncture, physiotherapy
17
Q

what are pharmacological managements of OA?

A

paracetamol
nsaids
weak opioids if necessary
corticosteroid injections- short term

18
Q

what are the surgical managements of OA?

A

arthroscopy- removal of loose bodies from joint cavity
arthroplasty- prosthetic joint, knee/hip replacement
osteotomy- cut and realign joint (younger)
fusion- fuse joint to remove pain but also mobility

19
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoimmune disorder causing symmetrical polyarthritis

20
Q

what is arthritis?

A

joint inflammation causing pain

21
Q

what types of joints does rheumatoid arthritis affect?

A

synovial joints

22
Q

what are the risk factors of RA?

A

women
family history
genetic predisposition
smoking

23
Q

what is the pattern of joint stiffness and pain in RA?

A

morning stiffness lasts more than 30 minutes
worst in the morning and in the cold
pain eased by movement

24
Q

how may an affected joint present in RA?

A

hot, red, swollen, tender

25
Q

what are common hand deformities of RA?

A

ulna deviation, swan neck, z thumb, boutonniere deformity

26
Q

what does rheumatoid factor show and how useful is it?

A

not positive in all RA patients, found in other inflammatory conditions too

27
Q

what does anti ccp stand for and how useful is it?

A

anti cyclic citrullinated peptide

not present in all RA patients but specific for RA and indicates worse form of disease

28
Q

what are the pharmacological managements for RA?

A 
nsaids
cox inhibitors-aspirin
paracetamol +/- opioid
corticosteroids- IM, oral, intraarticular
DMARDS
biological therapies
29
Q

what does DMARDS stand for?

A

disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

30
Q

how do dmards work?

A

inhibit cytokines and supress immune system

31
Q

what are commonly prescribed dmards?

A

methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide

32
Q

what are the different types of biological therapies available for RA?

A

interleukin blockers
b cell inhibitors
t cell blockers
TNF-a blockers

33
Q

what is osteopenia?

A

a precursor to osteoporosis characterised by low bone density

34
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue therefore increasing fragility and susceptibility to bone fracture

Phase2A (8 decks)

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