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Phase2A > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Where are endothelial cells found and what happens to them during inflammation?

A

Line blood vessel walls

Become sticky during inflammation

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2
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen

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3
Q

Give an example of acute inflammation

A

Appendicitis

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4
Q

Give an example of chronic inflammation

A

TB

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5
Q

Which cell type are absent in chronic inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Chemical mediators of inflammation

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7
Q

What is healing by first intention?

A

Suture will fix wound, bringing edges together. Will regrow with collagen fibres.

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8
Q

What is healing by second intention?

A

Skin edges cannot be brought together, therefore skin graft may be required.

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9
Q

What is brain gliosis?

A

Repaired brain tissue, a form of fibrosis.

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10
Q

Which tissues are able to regenerate? (5)

A

Osteocytes, skin/gut epithelium, blood cells, pneumocytes, hepatocytes.

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11
Q

Are nerves able to regenerate?

A

Only peripheral nerves are able to regenerate

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12
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Cells aren’t flowing in the centre of the vessel

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13
Q

How is fibrin produced?

A

From activation of fibrinogen by platelets

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14
Q

Describe the process of thrombus formation from endothelial injury

A

Endothelial injury-collagen exposes-platelets attach- platelet aggregation occurs-RBC and fibrinogen attach-fibrin forms-thrombus

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15
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular system during life

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16
Q

Changes in which three factors will result in a thrombus?

A

Change in vessel wall
Change in blood flow
Change in blood constituents

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17
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Mass of material in vascular system that lodges within a vessel wall to block it

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18
Q

What is ischeamia?

A

A reduction in blood flow and limit of oxygen

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19
Q

What is the difference between ischaemia and infarction?

A

Infarction is cell death due to ischaemia, ischaemia is reduced blood flow

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20
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial

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21
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the liver?

A

Hepatic artery and portal vein

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22
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A circular mass of macrophages in inflammation

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23
Q

What are risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Cigarettes, high BP, diabetes, age, hyperlipidaemia

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24
Q

What makes up a plaque in atherosclerosis?

A

Fibrous tissue, cholesterol, lymphocytes

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25
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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26
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Multiple cell death often caused by infarction

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27
Q

What type of cells will undergo apoptosis?

A

DNA damage, fully differentiated cells (e.g. top skin layer)

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28
Q

Give an example of diseases with too much and too little apoptosis

A

Too much- HIV (lymphocytes)

Too little- Cancer

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29
Q

What chromosomal abnormality causes Down’s syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

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30
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of tissue due to increased SIZE of cells

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31
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increased size of tissue due to increased NUMBER of cells

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32
Q

What type of growth disorder is benign enlargement of prostate?

A

Hyperplasia

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33
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Loss of tissue or cell shrinking

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34
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Change in cell type, differentiation from one to another

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35
Q

What is a common cause of metaplasia?

A

Smokers bronchi can metaplase from ciliated to squamous

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36
Q

Define displasia

A

Changes to cells becoming cancerous

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37
Q

What is progeria?

A

Accelerated ageing

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38
Q

What is dermal elastosis?

A

Loss in skin elasticity

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39
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Loss in muscle tone

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40
Q

what is angiogenesis in relation to cancer?

A

growth of new blood vessels for tumour cell supply

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41
Q

which cancer types commonly metastase to bone? (5)

A

prostate, lung, breast, kidney, thyroid

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42
Q

which cancer types commonly metastase to liver? (3)

A

pancreas, stomach, colorectal

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43
Q

what type of tumour is chemotherapy a good treatment for?

A

fast dividing tumours

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44
Q

where are commensal bacteria commonly found?

A

colon

45
Q

what are opportunistic bacteria?

A

bacteria causing disease when host is compromised

46
Q

what is virulence?

A

pathogenicity of organism

47
Q

which areas of the body are sterile?

A

blood, CSF, kidneys, bladder, gallbladder, lungs, eyes

48
Q

when using gram stain, which colours do gram positive and gram negative bacteria stain?

A

positive- purple

negative- pink

49
Q

what shape are coccus bacterium?

A

spherical

50
Q

what shape are bascillus bacterium?

A

rod

51
Q

what is a diplococci bacterium?

A

paired bacteria

52
Q

what shape is vibrio bacterium?

A

bent rod shaped

53
Q

what shape is spirochaete bacterium?

A

spiral

54
Q

what are endotoxins?

A

components of gram negative bacterial cell wall

55
Q

what are exotoxins?

A

toxin secreted by bacteria into surroundings (both gram positive and negative)

56
Q

what is atopy?

A

tendency to develop allergy

57
Q

what is an allergy?

A

abnormal reaction to harmless foreign material

58
Q

what is an intolerance?

A

no involvement of the immune system, adverse effects in response to food or drug

59
Q

what levels are normal for IgE in the blood of a healthy individual and why?

A

negligible due to short half life of 2 days

60
Q

where are high affinity IgE receptors commonly found?

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

61
Q

where are mast cells produced?

A

bone marrow

62
Q

what do mast cells contain?

A

granules: histamine, proteases, proteoglycans, chemotactic factors

63
Q

which protein is required for mast cell production?

A

c-kit protein

64
Q

what activates mast cells?

A

allergens

sometimes: enterobacteria phagocytosis, antigens of bacteria

65
Q

what shape are mycobacterium?

A

rod

66
Q

which illnesses are caused by mycobacterium?

A

leprosy, TB

67
Q

what is unusual about mycobacterium and macrophages?

A

they survive digestion of macrophages

68
Q

what are the characteristics of mycobacterium?

A

aerobic, non motile, bacillus, thick waxy coat, non spore forming, weakly gram positive, slow growing

69
Q

what is acid fast?

A

a characteristic of mycobacterium (and others) due to high lipid content, meaning they resist usual staining methods, useful to stain for acid fastness as very few organisms will be positive

70
Q

what component of mycobacterium causes their acid-fastness?

A

mycolic acid of cell walls (high lipid content)

71
Q

what forms due to the balance between mycobacterium and macrophages?

A

granuloma, a wall forms to starve mycobacterium causing metabolic shut down

72
Q

what is the drawback of granuloma formation in presence of mycobacterium?

A

granuloma starves mycobacterium causing metabolic shut down, but mycobacterium can survive for years like this and then restart when granuloma eventually fails

73
Q

what are characteristics of tuberculoid leprosy?

A

granuloma
nerve damage
tissue damage

74
Q

what are characteristics of lepromatus leprosy?

A

extensive skin lesions

poorly formed granuloma

75
Q

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

A

faecal/orally

76
Q

how is hepatitis B transmitted?

A

sexually/blood

77
Q

what does chronic hepatitis B/C commonly lead to?

A

liver cancer

78
Q

which virus commonly causes cervical cancer?

A

HPV- human papilloma virus

79
Q

which latent virus leads to shingles?

A

herpes

80
Q

what are characteristics of viruses?

A

grow only in host cell
no cell wall
possess only DNA or RNA

81
Q

which cells and receptors does HIV target?

A

CD4 cells of T cells

82
Q

how does rotavirus cause diarrhoea?

A

atrophy of villi in gut epithelium, absorption impaired, osmolality increased

83
Q

how does HPV increase risk of cervical cancer?

A

causes switching on of specific proteins which repress cell death– excessive growth

84
Q

how does Hep B increase risk of liver cancer?

A

lots of cell proliferation in response to cell death

85
Q

what is invasiveness in relation to microorganisms?

A

ability to penetrate mucosal surfaces

86
Q

what is microbiome?

A

totality of microorganisms in an environment

87
Q

what is a biofilm?

A

layer of one or more types of microorganisms forming a colony over a surface

88
Q

what is an example of biofilm in the human body?

A

dental plaque

89
Q

what makes biofilms difficult to remove?

A

sharing of resistant properties between organsims, not necessarily homogeneous

90
Q

which immunoglobulin responds to worms?

A

IgE

91
Q

what is myalgia?

A

widespread muscular pain

92
Q

what are the common symptoms of malaria?

A

fever, myalgia, tachycardia, abdo discomfort, dehydration/ dark urine
RECENT TRAVEL + FEVER

93
Q

which categories of antibiotics work on cell wall?

A

beta lactams, glycopeptans

94
Q

what type of antibiotic are penicillins?

A

beta lactams

95
Q

how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work?

A

prevent bacterial growth by inhibiting:
protein synthesis
DNA replication
metabolism

96
Q

how do bacteriacidal antibiotics work?

A

kill bacteria by removal of cell wall

97
Q

What is MIC in relation to antibiotics?

A

minimum inhibitory conc

minimum conc of antibiotic required to stop microbial growth

98
Q

what are the 3 types of horizontal transfer in bacteria?

A

conjugation, transduction, transformation

99
Q

how does conjugation in bacteria work?

A

sex pillus forms and plasmid is transferred between bacterium

100
Q

how does transduction in bacteria work?

A

virus affecting bacteria transfers genes from one bacteria to another

101
Q

how does transformation in bacteria work?

A

taking up free floating DNA from another bacterium and integrating into genome

102
Q

which class of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?

A

beta lactams

103
Q

what is a retrovirus?

A

a virus containing RNA that becomes DNA once within host cell using reverse transcriptase enzyme

104
Q

what is the process of retroviral invasion into host cell (8 steps)

A
  1. ATTACHMENT to receptors on host cell
  2. ENTRY into host cell
  3. UNCOATING of virus
  4. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE makes RNA into DNA
  5. DNA is INTEGRATED into host cell DNA
  6. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs forming viral proteins too
  7. ASSEMBLY of new virons occurs
  8. BUDDING of new virons from host
105
Q

which cells are the first to be infected by HIV?

A

macrophages

106
Q

what is the term for someone living with HIV for a while without AIDS developing?

A

long-term non-progressors

107
Q

why do antiretroviral drugs struggle to eradicate HIV completely?

A

they only target replicating cells so a dormant population remain

108
Q

what are clinical presentations of HIV?

A

lymphadenopathy, flu like symptoms, persistent infections e.g. shingles

109
Q

how is AIDS identified?

A

CD4<200 or ‘aids defining illness’

Phase2A (8 decks)

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