Immuno

Question 1

what is compliment?

Answer 1

a cascade of inactive proteins secreted by liver that are involved in immune response

Question 2

in which ways does the compliment system work? (4)

Answer 2

direct lysis, attracts leukocytes, coats organisms, phagocytosis

Question 3

how is compliment system activated?

Answer 3

by specific microorganisms then cascade begins

Question 4

what are the 5 types of antibody?

Answer 4

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Question 5

which antibody is in highest conc in the body?

Answer 5

IgG

Question 6

Which antibody is responsible for allergic reactions?

Answer 6

IgE

Question 7

what do chemokines do?

Answer 7

attract WBC

Question 8

what are cytokines?

Answer 8

proteins that influence cell direction and response

Question 9

name some barriers as part of the innate immunity

Answer 9

mucous, tears, skin, cilia, saliva, stomach acid

Question 10

what is an example of natural passive immunity?

Answer 10

immune cells passed across placenta or in breast milk

Question 11

what is an example of artificial passive immunity?

Answer 11

antitoxins and antivenins

Question 12

what is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 12

treatment with IgG or immunoserum

Question 13

what are disadvantages of passive immunity?

Answer 13

short term, reaction to non-self antisera (complications)

Question 14

what is active immunity?

Answer 14

stimulating immune system to generate response (B&T cell memory) against pathogen

Question 15

what are the two types of whole organism vaccine design?

Answer 15

live attenuated and killed

Question 16

what is an example of live attenuated whole organism vaccination?

Answer 16

TB

Question 17

what are disadvantages of live attenuated whole organism vaccination?

Answer 17

• cannot be given to immunocompromised patients
• potentially dangerous if prepared incorrectly
• uncertainty that an infection can occur
• in poor sanitation can lead to outbreak
• can revert to virulent form

Question 18

what are advantages of live attenuated whole organism vaccination?

Answer 18

• only 1 immunisation required
• activation of natural immune response
• memory cells created therefore long-term

Question 19

what are advantages of inactivated whole organism vaccination?

Answer 19

• no risk of infection
• storage in areas of poor sanitation not an issue
• stimulates natural immune response

Question 20

what are disadvantages of inactivated whole organism vaccination?

Answer 20

• boosters needed

- no T cell involvement therefore shorter term protection

Question 21

what are subunit vaccines?

Answer 21

purified molecular components of organism e.g. exotoxins, capsular polysaccharides

Question 22

what are the advantages of subunit vaccinations?

Answer 22

safer
no infection risk
easier to store

Question 23

what are the disadvantages of subunit vaccinations?

Answer 23

short term
boosters needed
not full immune response activation
** genetic heterogenicity of antigens in pathogen population **

Question 24

what is a toxoid?

Answer 24

heat/chemically treated toxin from pathogen