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Anatomy - Year 3 > MSK 6 - Lower Limbs 2 > Flashcards

MSK 6 - Lower Limbs 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvic girdle is a bony ring consisting of the sacrum and right and left hip bones, joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the sacroiliac joints.

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2
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Left and right hip bones
    • Joint anteriorly by pubic symphysis
    • Joined posteriorly by sacroiliac joints
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3
Q

What is A?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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4
Q

What is B?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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5
Q

What is C?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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6
Q

What is D?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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7
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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8
Q

Which sciatic foramen is a route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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9
Q

How can the posterior muscles of gluteal region be organised?

A

Superficial and deep layer:

  • deep layer performs external rotation and provide stability
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10
Q

What is 1?

A

Gluteus maximus

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11
Q

What is 2?

A

Gluteus medius

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12
Q

What is 3?

A

Gluteus minimuis

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13
Q

What is 4?

A

Tensor fascia lata

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14
Q

What are the gluteal muscles?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fascia lata
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15
Q

What is the innervation of:

  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • glutius minimus
  • tensor fascia lata
A
  • Gluteus maximus
    • Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 - S2)
  • Gluteus medius
    • Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
  • Gluteus minimus
    • Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
  • Tensor fascia lata
    • Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
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16
Q

What are the nerve roots of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

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17
Q

What are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

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18
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Extends hip joint and assists in lateral rotation

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19
Q

What is the action of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae?

A

They are abductors and medial rotators of hip joint.

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20
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia lata

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21
Q

What does the fascia lata thicken laterally to form?

A

Iliotibial tract

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22
Q

What 2 muscles attach to the iliotibial tract?

A
  1. Tensor fascia lata
  2. Gluteus maximus
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23
Q

What is the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

Provides stabilisation to lateral aspect of knee joint

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24
Q

What muscle does the sacral plexus lie on?

A

Piriformis muscle

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25
Q

Sacral plexus is formed by what nerve roots?

A

Union of ventral rami of spinal nerves L4, L5 and S1 to S4

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26
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

Posterior aspect of lower limb plus perineum

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27
Q

What are the 2 main branches of sacral plexus?

A
  • To lower limb
    • Sciatic nerve
  • To perineum
    • Pudendal nerve
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28
Q

Other than the sciatic and pudendal nerves, what are other branches of sacral plexus?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

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29
Q

What muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

A
  1. Gluteus medius
  2. Gluteus minimus
  3. Tensor fasciae latae
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30
Q

What muscle(s) are innervated by inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Only the gluteus maximus in the gluteal region

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31
Q

Other than sciatic, pudendal, superior/inferior gluteal nerves, what are some others from the sacral plexus that only superficial knowledge of is required?

A
  • Nerve to piriformis
  • Posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
  • Nerve to obturator internus
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32
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

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33
Q

What are the root values of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 to S3

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34
Q

Does the sciatic nerve innervate any of the gluteal region?

A

Within the gluteal region the sciatic nerve contributes very little motor or sensory innervation, aside from branches to the posterior aspect of the hip joint.

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35
Q

What foramen does the sciatic nerve travel through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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36
Q

Describe the course of the sciatic nerve?

A

It passes through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to the piriformis muscle, passing behind the deep abductors of the hip joint between the ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter of the femur to enter the posterior compartment of the thigh.

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37
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A
  1. Tibial nerve
  2. Common fibular nerve
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38
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve divide into the tibial and common fibular nerves?

A

Distally from the popliteal fossa

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39
Q

What muscle is highlighted green?

A

Piriformis

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40
Q

What causes sciatica?

A

Narrowing of the vertebral foramen which compressed nerve roots

Usually L5 vertebrae

Happens due to ageing decreasing flexibility of muscles, ligaments and joints

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41
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior region of thigh grouped together as?

A

Hamstrings

42
Q

What are the 3 muscles that forms the hamstrings?

A
  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendonosus
  3. Biceps femoris
43
Q

What is 1?

A

Seminomembranosus

44
Q

What is 2?

A

Semitendonosus

45
Q

What is 3?

A

Biceps femoris

46
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on hip and knee joint?

A
  • Hip
    • Extension
  • Knee
    • Flexion
47
Q
A
48
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

49
Q

What artery supplies blood to posterior muscle compartment of thigh?

A

Profunda femoris (branch of femoral artery)

50
Q

What is the profunda femoris a branch of?

A

Femoral artery

51
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

52
Q

What movements are capable at the knee joint?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Small amount of active and passive axial rotation
53
Q

What is 1?

A

Patella

54
Q

What is 2?

A

Fibula

55
Q

What is 3?

A

Tibia

56
Q

What is 4?

A

Femur

57
Q

What is a?

A

Medial femoral condyle

58
Q

What is b?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

59
Q

What is c?

A

Lateral tibial condyle

60
Q

What is d?

A

Medial tibial condyle

61
Q

What is e?

A

Tibial tuberosity

62
Q

What does the stability of the knee depend on?

A

The stability of the knee joints depends on the strength and action of surrounding muscles and their tendons and ligaments connecting the femur and tibia.

63
Q

Which is the most important muscle which helps to stabilize the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps

64
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee formed from?

A

Thickening of joint capsule

65
Q

What is 1?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

66
Q

What is 2?

A

Medial collateral ligament

67
Q

What is 3?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

68
Q

What is 4?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

69
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee?

A
  1. Lateral collateral ligament
  2. Medial collateral ligament
  3. Anterior cruciate ligament
  4. Posterior cruciate ligament
70
Q

What are the collateral ligaments also called?

A

Fibular ligaments

71
Q

What do the following extend from and to:

  • lateral collateral ligament
  • medial collateral ligament
A
  • Lateral collateral ligament
    • Lateral epicondyle of the femur to lateral surface of head of fibula
  • Medial collateral ligament
    • Medial epicondyle of femur to medial epicondyle of tibia
72
Q

What tendon passes deap to the lateral collateral ligament, seperating it from the lateral meniscus?

A

Tendon of popliteus muscle

73
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament attached to at its midpoint?

A

Medial meniscus of knee

74
Q

Tear both together

A
75
Q

What shape do the cruciate ligaments form?

A

The cruciate ligaments cross each obliquely in the knee to form an ‘X’ shape

N.B. Cruciate means cross-shaped in Latin

76
Q

Which of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments prevents the femur sliding x on the tibia:

  • anterior
  • posterior
A
  • Anterior cruciate ligament prevents femur from sliding posterior on tibia
  • Posterior cruciate ligament prevents femur from sliding anterior on tibia
77
Q

Why can anterior cruciate ligament injury be so devatating to sportsmen?

A

Poor blood supply after repair means takes a long time to heal

So important for stability of knee

78
Q

Is an anterior or posterior cruciate ligament injury more common?

A
  • Anterior more common
  • Due to force required by direct blow on tibia to cause injury, comapred to twisting deceleration motions required to disrupt the ACL
79
Q

Why is the popliteal muscle important?

A

The popliteus muscle is a small but, nevertheless important muscle in helping release the fully extended or “locked” knee.

80
Q

What is the function of the popliteus muscle?

A

When flexing from a fully extended position, the muscle rotates the femur laterally on the tibia (or vice-versa), allowing for the unimpeded movement of the joint

81
Q

What are the menisci of the knee?

A

The menisci are crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage directly on the articular surface of tibia.

82
Q

What is 1?

A

Medial meniscus

83
Q

What is 2?

A

Lateral meniscus

84
Q

What is 3?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

85
Q

What is 4?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

86
Q

What are the main functions of the menisci?

A

Stability by deepening the socket

87
Q

Which meniscus firmly adheres to the deep surface of the tibial or medial collateral ligament?

A

The medial meniscus

88
Q

What normally causes meniscal tears?

A

Because of the shape of the menisci, any lateral impact to the knee joint risks both damaging the medial meniscus and disrupting both the ACL and medial collateral ligaments.

89
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

90
Q

What does the patella act as an anchor point for?

A
  • Quadratus femorus tendon superiorly
  • Patellar ligament inferiorly
91
Q

Which movement of the knee causes the patella to move?

A

Flexion causes it to move inferiorly

92
Q

What is found around the knee that acts as shock absorbers?

A

Bursa

93
Q

What is 1?

A

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

94
Q

What is 2?

A

Deep infrapatellar bursa

95
Q

What is 3?

A

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

96
Q

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint?

A

Suprapatellar patella

97
Q

What is the clinical significant os the suprapatellar bursa communicating with the articular cavity of knee joint?

A

Bursitis of suprapatellar bursa consequently may result in infection entering the knee joint

98
Q

What is housemaid’s knee (pre-patellar bursitis)?

A

Friction bursitis caused by friction between the skin and the patella

99
Q

What muscles are involved in knee flexion?

A
  • Hamstrings
    • Semitendinosus
    • Seminomembranosus
    • Biceps femoris
  • Gracilis
  • Sartorius
100
Q

What muscles are involved in extension of the knee?

A
  • Quadriceps femoris
    • Rectus femoris
    • Vastus lateralis
    • Vastus medialis
    • Vastus intermedius

Anatomy - Year 3 (18 decks)

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