MRSA + VRE AMR Flashcards

1
Q

List the key organisms that cause infections which can lead to morbidity and mortality?

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Enterococcus faecium
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • MRSA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the consequences of inappropriate and overuse of antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic resistance and select for resistant mutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the defined daily dose?

A

statistical measure of drug consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is antibiotic use measured in primary care?

A

Antibiotic use measured in primary care= increased when measured by DDD and decreased when measured by prescription which means longer courses and higher doses are being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the order from most to least prescribed antibiotics?

A

Penicillin
tetracyclines
macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What antibiotics are used in secondary care?

A

Carbapenems

piperacillin-tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When should secondary care antibiotics be used?

A

for resistant infections and used only when standard antibiotics are ineffective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the • English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance programme?

A

monitors the prescribing of antibiotics and the way they are obtained from pharmacies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What bacteria does antibiotics resistant give rise to?

A

MRSA
Multi resistant coliforms
GRE/VRE
C.difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?

A
	B lactams
	Methicillin
	Penicillin’s (including flucloxacillin)
	Cephalosporins 
	Carbapenems
	Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) 
	Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
	Clindamycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the MOA of MRSA?

A

 Horizontal transfer of SCCmec
 This contains mecA gene
 This encodes for PBP2- penicillin binding protein 2
 This has reduced affinity for the antibiotic class beta lactams
 Beta lactamase enzymes cleave and inactivate antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What groups of people are at highest risk of MRSA?

A

Nursing home resident

hospital attendees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What body sites does MRSA colonise?

A

 Nose
 Armpit
 Groin
 Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what ways can MRSA hospital infection be reduced?

A

 Screen at risk patients
 Isolate patient
 Decontamination therapy= skin wash, nasal ointment and mouthwash should be prescribed for 5 days
 All staff and patients wash hands
 Aseptic techniques of care= IV drug administration/catheter insertion
 Antibiotic prophylaxis against MRSA for surgery in colonised patients
 Antibiotic stewardship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are MRSA colonised patients treated?

A

Decontamination

17
Q

How are infected MRSA patients treated?

A
  1. IV vancomycin or teicoplanin are 1st line

2. Linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline are 2nd line

18
Q

What are the symptoms of MRSA infection?

A
  1. Fever
  2. High WBCC
  3. Inflammation at site of infection
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of using 2nd line MRSA infection antimicrobials?

A

 Expensive
 Toxic
 Intensive monitoring

20
Q

What are GRE and VRE?

A

GRE- GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI

VRE- VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI

21
Q

What is enterococci?

A

gram positive organism in gut

22
Q

What does GRE colonise?

23
Q

What is the MOA of GRE/VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococci make cell wall precursors that have low affinity for vancomycin
Cell-wall precursors ending in d-alanyl-d-lactate (d-Ala-d-Lac), to which vancomycin binds with very low affinity
Vancomycin susceptible enterococci prevent synthesis of or modify endogenous cell-wall precursors ending in d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala), to which vancomycin binds with high affinity

24
Q

What are the consequences of the spread and emergence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals?

A
  • Causes increase in morbidity and mortality
  • Increases hospital length stay
  • Delays appropriate antibiotic therapy= worse patient outcomes/death
25
Define antibiotic misuse?
- Antibiotics prescribed unnecessarily - Delay of administration in critical illnesses - Broad spec antibiotics used to generously - Narrow spec used incorrectly - Lower or higher dose than needed - Duration of treatment too long or too short - Treatment is not streamlined according to microbiological culture data results
26
How is VRE transmitrted?
person to person touching | medical devices/infected surface contact
27
What is used to treat VRE colonisation?
no treatment needed
28
What is used to treat VRE infections?
linezolid tigecycline teicoplanin daptomycin
29
How is VRE spread managed and prevented?
aprons and gloves for HCP handwashing avoid touching medical devices
30
Describe the antibiotic stewardship role of a pharmacist?
Ensure rational use Health promotion to reduce use of antibiotics when it’s not needed- cough or cold Prescriber education Development/promotion of empiric guideline choice Restriction of reserve antibiotics Selective reporting of sensitivities to guide prescribing to 1st line or narrow spec antibiotics Ensure justified indication Ensure Choice Dose optimisation Ensuring correct duration
31
Describe the pharmacist checklist for antibiotic therapy monitoring?
- Does the patient have an infection? - What is the diagnosis? - Is the choice of antibiotic according to guidelines / C&S? - Has the allergy status been checked? - Is the dose correct – consider renal / hepatic function, age - Check contraindications / interactions - Have appropriate samples been sent? - Is the course length stated? What course length is recommended for this condition? - Is monitoring required e.g. TDM? - Is the patient responding? - Can treatment be tailored according to C&S to narrow spectrum? - Is the patient experiencing side effects? - Can IV be changed to oral? - Can the antibiotics be stopped?