mRNA translation

Question 0

translation requires mRNA, tRNA, and __________ ____________

Answer 0

ribosomal subunits

Question 1

stages of translation:

Answer 1

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 2

• always 3 bases
• sense codons sequentially read
• translation start and stop

Answer 2

codons

Question 3

stop codons= _________ ___________
start codons defines the _________ _
frame shift mutation(mutation that alters the reading frame)

Answer 3

nonsense codons

reading frame

Question 4

tRNA are ___________

Answer 4

translators

Question 5

tRNA composed of ___________ and _________ ________

Answer 5

anticodon and amino acid

Question 6

genetic code is ______________

• 64 possible codons
• ____ amino acids
• multiple codons code for same aa

Answer 6

degenerate

20

Question 7

synonymous codons
-GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG all code for glycine
“__________” at third position in codon

Answer 7

wobble

Question 8

the third codon/anticodon position

-isoaccepter tRNAs (different codon, same amino acid)

Answer 8

wobble rule

Question 9

ribosomes are the catalysts of

Answer 9

translation

Question 10

composed of __ major subunits

• each subunit composed of numerous proteins
• also composed of ______, ________

Answer 10

2

RNA, rRNA

Question 11

in eukaryotes: rRNA synthesized in the __________

• proteins synthesized in the __________
• assembly ribosome subunits in the nucleolus

Answer 11

nucleus

cytosol

Question 12

amino acids are added one at a time

-speed (15-20 amino acids per second in proks and 2-6 AA/sec in euks)

Answer 12

elongation/polypeptide synthesis

Question 13

16S is on small ribosomal subunit

• decoding function: error checking and occurs at A site
• 1 mistake per 10,000 aa

Answer 13

error checking performed by 16S rRNA

Question 14

.. occurs at the stop codon

Answer 14

termination

Question 15

the _______ _______ is recognized by a protein (release factor)

Answer 15

stop codon

Question 16

translation can begin before ____________ ends in prok

why doesn’t this happen in euks?

Answer 16

transcription

proteins wouldn’t be able to get out, difficult to process mRNA

Question 17

idea that a single gene controls the synthesis of one enzyme
who?

Answer 17

one gene/one enzyme hypothesis

beadle and tatuem 1941

Question 18

amendments:

• many proteins don’t function as enzymes
• some proteins are composed of >1 polypeptide or linear seq of aa
• many genes don’t encode polypeptides
• some genes can encode several polypeptides by?

Answer 18

one gene/ one enzyme hypothesis

splicing

Question 19

linear seq of amino acid

Answer 19

polypeptide

Question 20

one or several polypeptides with specific biological function

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

polypeptide chains are _____________ ___________

Answer 21

directionally polarized

Question 22

polypeptide chains are joined by ________ _______

-first aa is at the N-terminus/ amino terminal end

Answer 22

peptide bonds

Question 23

last aa is at the C-terminus/ carboxl terminal end

Answer 23

polypeptide chains are joined by peptide bonds

Question 24

each amino acid has a unique side chain/ ________

Answer 24

r group

Question 25

primary structure (AA seq)
secondary structure (folding of polypeptide (alpha helix or beta sheet))
-helped by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(proteins that bind polypeptides)

Answer 25

AA seq determines structure and function

chaperones

Question 26

3D

folding of secondary structure

Answer 26

tertiary structure

Question 27

formed by multiple polypeptides

Answer 27

quaternary structure

Question 28

primarily responsible for the characteristics we associate with living cells and traits.

Answer 28

cellular proteins

Question 29

cell shape/organization
transport
movement
cell signaling
cell surface recognition
enzymes (accelerate chemical reactions)

Answer 29

cellular proteins