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Genetics Exam #2 > DNA transcription & RNA modification > Flashcards

DNA transcription & RNA modification Flashcards

0
Q

is the first step in gene expression

A

transcription

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1
Q

at the molecular level, a _______ is a segment of DNA used to make a functional product (either an RNA or a polypeptide)

A

gene

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2
Q

means the act or process of making a copy

A

transcription

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3
Q

copying DNA sequences with RNA

A

transcription

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4
Q

the structure of DNA is not altered as a result of ______________ process
(it can continue to store info)

A

transcription

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5
Q

the overall process by which the info within a gene is used to produce a functional product which can, in concert with environmental factors, determine a trait.

A

gene expression

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6
Q

structural genes encode the _________ _______ sequence of a polypeptide

A

amino acid

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7
Q

steps of gene expression

A
  1. transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. the mRNA is translated into amino acid sequences
  3. the synthesis of functional proteins determines an organisms traits.
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8
Q

produces a RNA copy of a gene

A

transcription

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9
Q

a temp. copy of a gene

A

mRNA

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10
Q

production of amino acid chain (polypeptide)

A

translation

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11
Q

becomes part of a functional protein that contributes to an organisms traits

A

polypeptide

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12
Q
  • the DNA strand that is actually transcribed

- the RNA transcript is reverse compliment

A

template strand

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13
Q

________ _______ aka sense strand aka nontemplate strand

A

coding strand

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14
Q

the base sequences is ________ to the RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil in for thymine)

A

identical

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15
Q

RNA transcripts play different functional roles:

A

> 90% of all genes are structural genes which are transcribed into mRNA
-only mRNA is translated into amino acid seqs

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16
Q

the RNA transcripts from nonstructural genes are not ______________

  • important cellular functions
  • they can still ________ traits
  • RNA transcript can become part of a complex that contains _______ subunits (ex: ribosomes, spliceosomes, signal recognition particles, telomerase)
A

translated
confer
protein

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17
Q

DNA seq define the beginning of a gene

A

promotors

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18
Q

DNA seq define the end of a gene

-signal the end of transcription

A

terminators

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19
Q

regulation of the level of RNA synthesis

A

regulatory sites

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20
Q

proteins must recognize and interact with DNA to produce mRNA

A

transcription factors

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21
Q

the stages of transcription:

A
  1. initation: transcription factors interact with promoter seq and enables RNA polymerase to bind to promotor (DNA is denatured)
  2. elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA
  3. Termination
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22
Q

Termination: ___________ seq reached.

-RNA polymerase and RNA ___________ from DNA

A

terminatior

dissociate

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23
Q

transcription in baceria:

A

regulation
initiation and promotion
elongation
termination

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24
``` promoter region (pribnow box 1975) -seq elements (-35 seq., -10 seq) ```
initiation and promotion in bac
25
promotor regions are ___________ not __________
similar not identical
26
most commonly occurring bases
consensus seq
27
RNA polymerase, an _________, binds to DNA -components (core enzymes, composed of ___ subunits alpha, beta, omega, sigma factor, the 6th subunit (what does each one do?)
``` enzyme 5 alpha: assembly of holoenzyme, DNA binding beta: DNA binding, RNA synthesis omega: assembly of core enzyme ```
28
Core enzyme + sigma factor
RNA polymerase holoenzyme
29
initiation and promotion: RNA polymerase binds at ___________ -RNA polymerase slides along DNA (_________ factor binds to the promotor)
regulatory | sigma
30
binding of a ________ factor protein in RNA pol to DNA double helix
sigma
31
RNA polymerase _____________ dna at -10 region (TATAAT) | -OPEN complex
denatures
32
sigma factor jettisoned as _______ transcription starts
RNA
33
initiation and promotion: - form ____________/bind to DNA - sigma factor binds to _________ - initiate open complex - transcribe RNA - eject sigma factor
holoenzyme | promoter
34
RNA elogation/ synthesis: - ____ nucleotides/second rNTPs connect to 5' to 3'(3' OH to 5' PO4) - AU/GC rule (AUGC, UACG) - RNA pol _________ to RNA (RNA attached to ________ DNA)
43 attached template
35
transcription termination: - ____________ RNA-DNA releases RNA plymerase - Rho-dependent termination (sometimes, Rho-protein is ___________) - Rho-independent termination (sometimes, _____ proteins are required)
denaturing required NO
36
Rho utilization site (rut) (upstream of the termination site) - Rho binds to rut (like a helicase-unzips) - Rho follows RNA polymerase
rho-dependent termination
37
Terminator encodes a _________(binds to RNA polymerase) | -RNA polymerase pauses (Rho unzips RNA-DNA)
hairpin | Rho-dependent termination
38
- also called intrinsic termination - terminator( hairpin seq followed by uracil rich seq) - hairpin binds RNA pol (momentum pulls apart RNA-DNA)
Rho-INDEPENDENT TERMINATION
39
more complex than in prokaryotes -organelles and multicellularity requires more ________ _______________ __________-different genes expressed in different cells -requires timing and coordination
transcription in eukaryotes genes developmental genetics
40
transcribes ribosomal RNA rRNA (except 5S rRNA)
polymerase I
41
transcribes all structural genes (all mRNA and some snRNA)
polymerase II
42
transcribes all transfer RNA + 5S rRNA
polymerase III
43
all polymerases are __________
similar
44
eukaryotic promotor sequences are more _________ and often more complex than those of baceria
variable
45
for structural genes, at least three features are found in most promotors:
1. regulatory elements 2. TATA box 3. transcriptional start site
46
_________ ____ (-25) instead of pribnox box (-10): determines transcription start site
TATA box
47
upstream of core promoter | enhancers and silencers
regulatory DNA elements
48
on same chromosome as regulated genes | -TATA box, enhancers, silencers
Cis-acting elements (regulation)
49
genes that encode transcription factors that control expression of other genes
trans-acting elements (regulation)
50
_________ ______ transcription initiation: | 3 categories of proteins required for initiation
structural gene - rna polymerase II - general transcription factors (GTF) - mediator
51
_________ are always DNA seq
elements
52
_________ are always proteins that interact with elements
factors
53
Prok colinearity (1:1 DNA codons match amino acids) - eukaryotes don't always exhibit colinearity - post transcription, RNA is modified
RNA modification
54
_________ are transcribed and translated | -introns are transcribed, but not ___________
exon, translated
55
exonucleases cleave nucleotides from the end of a strand
RNA cleavage
56
endonucleases cleavage nucleotides in the middle of the strand
RNA cleavage
57
types of RNA modification ::
``` processing splicing 5' capping 3' polyA tailing RNA editing base modification ```
58
Degrading cleaving the ends of an RNA molecule | -RNaseP is a ribosyme(RNA portion is a caralyst)
processing transfer RNA (tRNA)
59
________-_________ in group I and II introns. | -proteins called maturates enhance splicing rate
self-splicing (uncommon)
60
- splicing pre-mRNA - large complex composed of snRNPs(small nuclear RNA&proteins) - recognize intron-exon boundaries - dictate configuration of pre-mRNA - catalyze removal of introns
spliceosome splicing (common)
61
intron recognition seq:
- characteristic RNA seq define the boundaries of an intron - 5' splice site - branch site - 3' splice site
62
mature mRNA's have a 7-methylguanosine attached to 5' end | -polyA tail on 3' end
capping and tailing pre-mRNAs
63
``` changing nucleotide seq of RNA molecule: -insertions or deletions -conversion of one base to another effects: -generate start or stop codons -changing codons (downstream, amino acids) ```
RNA editing

Genetics Exam #2 (5 decks)

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