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Genetics Exam #2 > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

0
Q

the newly copied DNA (reverse compliment)

A

daughter strands

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1
Q

each strand is used as a template from which new DNA is copied

A

template strands

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2
Q

where DNA replication begins

A

origin of replication

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3
Q

______________ of replication encoded by specific sequence (oriC)

A

initiation

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4
Q

__________ bind to dnaA box sequences

-5 recognition sites in oriC

A

proteins

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5
Q

_________ bind to each other

A

proteins

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6
Q

DnaC proteins recruit ____________

A

helicases

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7
Q

________ hydrolysis fuels helicases

A

ATP

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8
Q

helicases break __________ bonds

A

hydrogen

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9
Q

uncoils DNA ahead of the Helicases

A

DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II)

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10
Q

single stranded binding proteins

-prevent strands from re-annealing

A

single stranded binding proteins

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11
Q

synthesizes short strands of RNA (primers)

A

primase

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12
Q

start the process of DNA replication

A

RNA primers

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13
Q

leading and lagging strands:
__________: unzipped 3’-5’, one RNA primer
__________: unzipped 5’-3’, several RNA primers

A

leading, lagging

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14
Q

catalyzes covalent bond formation between nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase III

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15
Q
  • cannot begin DNA synthesis without primers
  • can only build new strands 5’-3’ (moving 3’-5’ along template DNA)
  • attaches dNTPs to 3’ end of primer (dNTP:deoxiribonucleoside triphosphate, aka nucleosides)
A

DNA polymerase III

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16
Q

one leading strand synthesized

A

advancing the replication fork

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17
Q

Dna fragments constituting the lagging strand

A

okazaki fragments

18
Q

completion of lagging strand synthesis:

A
  • remove RNA primers (dna polymerase I)
  • synthesize DNA in place of RNA primers (dna polymerase I)
  • covalently bond adjacent dna fragments (DNA ligase)
19
Q

catalyzes formation of covalent bond between adjacent okazaki fragments.

A

DNA ligase

20
Q

ter sequences (elements)

A

termination sequences

21
Q

substance protein Tus

-binds to recognition sequences

A

termination utilization

22
Q

when replication forks meets Tus, replication _______

23
Q

helicase, primase, and the polymerases are physically connected to each other

24
Q

AT/GC pairing is ___________

-1 error in 1000 nucleotides replicated

25
Q

shape/structure of DNA polymerase:

  • correct pairing causes conformational change in DNA _____________, allowing catalysis of nucleotide incorporation.
  • 1 error in 100k to 1 mil nucleotides
A

polymerase

26
Q

similarities of eukaryotic/pro DNA replication

A
  • enzymes (helicase, gyrase, SS binding proteins, primase, plymerase, ligase)
  • not as well understood as bacterial bc its more complex (large linear chromosomes, chromatin tightly packed, cell cycle regulation more complicated)
27
Q

eukaryotic DNA replication has __________ origins of replication
-evidence (1968) ??

A

multiple

pulse radiolabeled dNTPs to dividing cells

28
Q

more than _____ types of DNA polymerase in mammals

29
Q

RNA primer construction:

A

primase + alpha polymerase

- 10 bp RNA followed by 20-30 bp DNA

30
Q

leading strand synthesis

A

polymerase epsilon

31
Q

lagging strand synthesis

A

polymerase sigma

32
Q

several polymerases repair _______

-polymerase ______-removed incorrect bases

33
Q

lesion-replicating polymerases
-act where aberration occur in DNA
_____________ ___________
______________

A

abnormal bases

crosslinks

34
Q

removes DNA primer

A

flap endonuclease

35
Q

replicating the ends of the chromosomes

36
Q

telomeres prevent ____________ shortening.

discovered in 1984 ___________&___________

A

chromosome

Greider & Blackburn

37
Q

telomerase relationship to cancer treatment and aging:

A
  • telomerase inhibitors can stop cell division

- Active telomerase can prevent senescence in cells

38
Q
  • template DNA
  • primers (forward and reverse)
  • dNTPs
  • polymerase Taq (originally isolated from bacteria in geothermal pools in yellowstone park)
  • proper chemical conditions
A

PCR ingredients

39
Q

PCR cycle:

A
  1. denature DNA at 95 degrees C (apply heat to break hydrogen bonds & make DNA single stranded)
  2. anneal DNA primers at 40C-65C (primers brackets fragment to be amplified)
  3. extend DNA copies at 72C (optimal temp. for polymerase)
  4. denature DNA at 95C
  5. anneal DNA primers at 40C - 65C
  6. extend DNA copies at 72C
  7. cycling is run up to 45 times
  8. results in >1,000,000,000 copies of target template DNA
40
Q

used to amplify RNA sequence with DNA (RNA is unstable compared to DNA)

  • produces cDNA (c= complimentary)
  • cDNA can be subjected to PCR
A

reverse transcriptase PCR

41
Q

ingredients for reverse transcriptase PCR

A

primers
reverse trandcriptase
dNTPs

42
Q

reverse transcriptase PCR denatures at ______

43
Q

incubate at _______-_______ to transcribe RNA to cDNA in reverse transcriptase PCR

Genetics Exam #2 (5 decks)

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