MRMRMR

Question 1

Blood smear samples

Answer 1

EDTA- doesn’t interfere with cell morph or staining

Unstained can smears can wait days, not when stained. Keep slides at room temperature

Question 2

Most common cause of proteinuria

Answer 2

UTI

Question 3

Blood film evaluation components

Answer 3

platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes

Question 4

Blood smear zones

Answer 4

thick/body, monolayer, feathered edge

Question 5

Feathered edge

Answer 5

Platelet clumps, large abnormal cells, heartworm microfilaria

Question 6

Regenerative anemia associated with

Answer 6

Blood loss or hemolysis. Howell Jolly bodies can be a sign

Question 7

Non-regenerative anemia associated with

Answer 7

Decreased erythropoiesis in bone marrow

Question 8

Polychromatophils

Answer 8

aggregate reticulocytes

Question 9

Strong regenerative response in non/ slightly anemic patient

Answer 9

Hereditary enzyme deficiencies, shortened RBC life, hypoxia

Question 10

Hemolysis

Answer 10

Normal TP, hemoglobinemia/uria, icterus, splenomegaly, heinz, eccentrocytes, schist, Keratocytes, spherocytes, eythroparasites

Question 11

Hypochromasia in dogs

Answer 11

iron deficiency

Question 12

Spherocytes

Answer 12

Heinz body anemia, zinc tox, blood transfusion, vasculitis, DIC

Question 13

Keratocytes

Answer 13

Physical or chemical injury to cells, iron def, oxidative damage, vasculitis

Question 14

Echinocytes

Answer 14

Renal disease, electrolyte disorders, chemo, lymphoma, venom

Question 15

Schistocytes

Answer 15

Intravascular trauma, DIC, hemangiosarc, HW

Question 16

Schist and keratocytes

Answer 16

Severe iron def, glomerulonephritis, liver disease, heart failure

Question 17

Acanthocytes

Answer 17

Hepatic lipidosis, altered lipid metabolism, hemangiosarc

Question 18

Heinz Bodies

Answer 18

Denatured hemoglobin resulting from oxidative damage. Hyperthyroid, lymphoma, DM, onions, garlic, propylene glycol, acetaminophen

Question 19

eccentrocytes

Answer 19

Oxidative injury. Same differentials as Heinz

Question 20

Howell Jolly Bodies

Answer 20

Nuclear remnants- increased numbers associated with increased hematopoiesis or splenic dysfxn

Question 21

Basophilic Stippling

Answer 21

Intensely regenerative anemia. In absence of regen anemia, sign of lead poisoning

Question 22

Rouleaux

Answer 22

enhanced by increases in plasma proteins

Question 23

Agglutination

Answer 23

Adhere to each other in grape-like clusters. Antibody mediated bridging

Question 24

Left shift with toxic change

Answer 24

Severe inflammatory process. Left shift- increase in bands

Question 25

Apocrine cyst

Answer 25

Low cellularity

Question 26

Follicular cyst, epidermal cyst inclusion

Answer 26

Mature, keratinized squamous epithelial cells, amorphous basophilic cellular debris, cholesterol cystals

Question 27

sebaceous cyst

Answer 27

Low cellularity with amorphous basophilic secretory material

Question 28

Purulent/ suppurative/ neutrophilic inflammation.

Answer 28

Neutrophils predominate >85%. Degen (bacterial) vs nondegen (IM)

Question 29

Karyolysis

Answer 29

Swollen, pale nucleus

Question 30

Karyorrhexis

Answer 30

Nucleus fragmented into small pieces

Question 31

Pyknosis

Answer 31

Condensed into one or two large spheres

Question 32

Non-septic neutrophilic inflammation

Answer 32

Foreign bodies, furunculosis, insect, IM

Question 33

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

Answer 33

>15% macrophages. Fungal, foreign, furunculosis,

Question 34

Eosinophilic inflammation

Answer 34

>15% eosinophils. Mast cell tumors, pythiosis, lymphoid neoplasia

Question 35

Anisokaryosis

Answer 35

Varying sizes of nuclear size

Question 36

Pleomorphism

Answer 36

variability in cell and nuclear shape.

Question 37

Mesothelial cells

Answer 37

can be seen in pleural effusions

Question 38

Epithelial neoplasm

Answer 38

carcinoma

Question 39

mesenchymal

Answer 39

sarcoma

Question 40

Round cell neoplasia

Answer 40

Lymphoma, plasma cell, mast, histiocytic, TVT, melenoma

Question 41

Neuroendocrine neoplasia

Answer 41

Carotid/aortic bodies, endocrine glands

Question 42

LN population

Answer 42

75-90% small lymphocytes

Question 43

Reactive LN

Answer 43

Small well differentiated lymphocytes. Increased number of larger lymph, plasma. Fungal, bacterial, rickesttsial, viral, autoimmune

Question 44

lymphadenitis

Answer 44

Categorized by type of inflammation. | Neutrophilic (>5), eosinophilic (>3), pyogranulomatous (fungal, mycobact)

Question 45

lymphoma LN

Answer 45

suspected when 30% lymphoblasts

Question 46

lymphedema

Answer 46

Obstruction of lymphatics- increased amount of clear to slightly cloudy fluid. Low cellularity

Question 47

Effusion sampling

Answer 47

EDTA tube with red top aliquot. Underfilled EDTA can cause an increase in protein numbers. Refrigerate

Question 48

Effusion classifications and parameters

Answer 48

Pure transudate, mod. Transudate, exudate. | Total protein, cell counts, and cytologic appearance

Question 49

Pure transudate

Answer 49

Altered physiologic mechanisms. Hypoproteinemia, venous hypertension, and decreased drainage by lymphatics. Hypoalbuminemia <1 Protein less than 2.5 and less than 1k nucleated cells. Monocytes predominate. Can be seen in uroperitoneum (mimics transudate with neut predom)

Question 50

Mod. Transudate

Answer 50

Vascular fluids leak out of normal vessels. Carries high protein count. Caused by obstruction of venous or lymphatic drainage. 2.5-5 and 500-5k nucleated cells. Majority mononuclear Congestive heart failure

Question 51

Exudates

Answer 51

Septic or nonseptic. Result of increased vascular permeability and inflammation >3 and above 5k. Neutrophils predominate.

Question 52

Nonseptic exudate

Answer 52

any mod. Transudate can progress to this. | Uroperitoneum, bile peritonitis, FIP

Question 53

Hemorrhagic Effusion

Answer 53

Must be distinguished from iatrogenic blood- impossible when occurring less than 45 minutes. Will not clot or have platelets. Reactive macrophages.

Question 54

Chylous Effusion

Answer 54

Protein count similar to mod. Transudates. Triglyceride count >100. Lymphocytes predominate pop. Feline HW dz