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MRCS part A- Principles of surgery in general > MRCS RECALLS > Flashcards

MRCS RECALLS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common organism causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

A

E.coli

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2
Q

What is the most appropriate treatment for entrobius vermicularis?

A

Albendazole —- if not in the options—- Mebendazole

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3
Q

What organism causes bloody diarrhoea with eggs and cysts in the stool?

A

Entamoeba hystolitica

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4
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating entamoeba hystolitica?

A

Metronidazole

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5
Q

What is the most common organism causing disicitis?

A

Staph.aureus

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6
Q

Define septic arthritis?

A

Infectious joint inflammation

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7
Q

What is the age incidence of septic arthritis?

A

Children

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8
Q

What is the most common organism causing septic arthritis?

A
  • Normal patient or non sickler = Staph.aureus
  • Sickle cell anaemia patients = Salmonella
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9
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for septic arthritis?

A

Footnote

Kocher criteria (Mnemonic; FEW/N)

(1) Fever
(2) ESR > 40
(3) WBC > 12000
(4) Non weight bearing on the affected side

If WBC and ESR don’t meet the Kocher criteria + viral infection = transient tenosynovitis

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10
Q

What is the treatment of septic arthritis?

A
  • Surgical drainage
  • Antibiotics (Mnemonic; ceph.co/FG )
    (1) Cephalosporin + Co-amoxiclav or
    (2) Flucloxacilline + Gentamicin
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11
Q

Mind map for scrotal or testicular swelling

A
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12
Q

What is the C/P of hydrocele?

A

(1) large
(2) can not be separated from the testes
(3) painless
(4) transillumination +ve

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13
Q

What is the cause of hydrocele?

A

+ Adults and may be children = associated with testicular tumour or post traumatic
+ Children = patent processus vaginalis

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14
Q

What is the treatment of hydrocele?

A

+ Adults = scrotal incision ( Jaboulay operation or Lad operation)
+ Children = inguinal incision ( processus vaginalis ligation)

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15
Q

What is the the other name for epididymal cyst?

A

Spermatocele

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16
Q

What is the C/P of epidydimal cyst (spermatocele)?

A

(1) small
(2) can be separated from the testes
(3) painless
(4) transillumination +ve

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17
Q

What is the treatment of epidydimal cyst (spermatocele)?

A
  • either left or excised
  • no aspiration
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18
Q

What is the C/P of testicular tumour?

A

(1) Weight loss
(2) Mets
(3)↑AFB+B-HCG

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19
Q

What is the treatment of testicular tumour?

A

(1) Orchidectomy via inguinal approach
(2) Bx is contraindicated in testicular tumour

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20
Q

What is the cause of testicular torsion?

A

Trauma or idiopathic (e.g., long cord)

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21
Q

What is the C/P of testicular torsion?

A

(1) painful swollen testis, not improved by testicular elevation
(2) elevated testis
(3) lost cremasteric reflex as the cord is compressed but if exaggerated = torsion testicular appendage ( hydatid)

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22
Q

What is the treatment of testicular torsion?

A

Urgent exploration of both testes + orchidopixy of both testes without investigation

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23
Q

What is the DDx of testicular torsion?

A

Torsion of testicular appendage (Hydatid)

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24
Q

What is the other name for torsion of testicular appendage?

A

Torsion of testicular hydatid

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25
Q

What is the age incidence of torsion testicular appendage?

A

Children

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26
Q

What is the C/P of torsion testicular appendage?

A

Blue dot sign on the upper pole of testis due to ischaemia of testicular appendage

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27
Q

What is the C/P of haematocele?

A

(1) painful swollen testis not improved by testicular elevation
(2) normal place testis

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28
Q

What is the treatment of haematocele?

A

Urgent scrotal exploration + evacuation

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29
Q

What is the most common causative organism of epididymo- orchitis?

A

< 60 yrs — chlamydia
> 60 yrs — E.coli

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30
Q

What is the cause of epididymo - orchitis?

A

+ epididymo- orchitis—- post urological procedure
+ orchitis— infection ( viral or parotid)

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31
Q

What is the C/P of epididymo- orchitis?

A

(1) Fever
(2) Dysuria
(3) Urethral discharge
(4) Unilateral scrotal pain + tender swollen testis

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32
Q

What is the treatment of epididymo - orchitis?

A

Drug of choice = ciprofloxacilin + Doxycycline

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33
Q

What is the C/P of varicocele?

A

(1) With RCC
(2) After long standing
(3) Lt > Rt
(4) Bag of worms in the scrotum

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34
Q

Which tumour is associated with varicocele?

A

RCC

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35
Q

What is the aggravating factor for varicocele?

A

After long standing

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36
Q

Which side (Lt or Rt) is more affected by varicocele?

A

Lt > Rt

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37
Q

How do you describe the feeling of varicocele by your hand?

A

A bag of worms

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38
Q

What is the treatment of varicocele?

A

(1) Conservative,
(2) Surgical —-
+ indication = affects fertility
+ procedure = testicular veins ligation via inguinal approach

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39
Q

What is the indication of surgery in varicocele?

A

affects fertility

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40
Q

What is the surgical procedure performed for varicocele?

A

testicular veins ligation via inguinal approach

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41
Q

What is the complication of vasectomy?

A

Sperm granuloma

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42
Q

Define sperm granuloma?

A

Painful scrotal swelling post vasectomy

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43
Q

Define rabdomyosarcoma?

A

Paratesticular tumour

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44
Q

What is the location of rabdomyosarcoma?

A

Distal part of spermatic cord

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45
Q

What is the age incidence of rabdomyosarcoma?

A

Bimodal age = 4 months - 16 yrs

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46
Q

What is the main feature of rabdomyosarcoma?

A

Liability for L.N spread in 30 - 50 % of patients

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47
Q

What is the percentage of L.N spread in rabdomyosarcoma?

A

30 - 50% of patients

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48
Q

Urinary tract trauma

A
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49
Q

What is the incidence of urinary tract injuries associated with pelvic fractures?

A

85%

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50
Q

Enumerate types of urinary tract injuries.

A
  1. Urethral injuries
    + Bulbar urethral injuries
    + Membranous urethral injuries
  2. Bladder rupture
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51
Q

What is the most common urinary tract injury?

A

Bulbar urethral injury

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52
Q

What is the mode of trauma in bulbar urethral injury?

A

Straddle injury (i.e., falling astride, such as bicycle riders)

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53
Q

What is the clinical presentation of bulbar urethral injury?

A

Mnemonic; F/BUP

  1. Full bladder
  2. Blood in meatus
  3. Urine retention
  4. Perineal haematoma
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54
Q

What is the investigation of choice for bulbar urethral injury?

A

Ascending cystourethrogram

OR

Alternative: IV urography

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55
Q

What is the management for bulbar urethral injury?

A
  1. Suprapubic catheter
  2. Urethral catheter is contraindicated
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56
Q

What is the clinical procedure that is contraindicated in bulbar urethral injury?

A

Urethral catheter is contraindicated

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57
Q

What is the mode of trauma of membranous urethral injury?

A

With pelvic fractures

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58
Q

What is the C/P of membranous urethral injury?

A

Mnemonic → F/BUP

F: Full bladder
B: Blood in meatus
U: Perineal hematoma
P: PR → High or non-palpable prostate.

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59
Q

What is the investigation of choice for membranous urethral injury?

A

Ascending cystourethrography
OR
Intravenous urography

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60
Q

What is the management for membranous urethral injury?

A

Suprapubic catheterization
Urethral catheterization is contraindicated.

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61
Q

What is the clinical procedure that is contraindicated in membranous urethral injury?

A

Urethral catheterization is contraindicated.

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62
Q

What is the mode of trauma for bladder rupture?

A

(1) with pelvic fractures
(2) Bladder rupture may occur without trauma after neglected desire of urination, especially after stressful conditions.

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63
Q

What is the clinical presentation of bladder rupture?

A

Mnemonic → FRESH

F: Free fluid intra-abdominally
R: Retention
E: Empty bladder
S: Suprapubic pain
H:Haematoma

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64
Q

What is one investigation of choice for bladder rupture?

A

Ascending cystourethrogram
OR
IV urography.

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65
Q

What is the management approach for bladder rupture?

A

(1) Extraperitoneal: Conservative.
(2) Intraperitoneal: Laparotomy for fear of peritonitis

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66
Q

Lesser sac + Layers of testis

A
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67
Q

What is the size of the Kidney?

A

12x6x3 cm

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68
Q

What is the length of the Kidney?

A

12

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69
Q

What is the width of the Kidney?

A

6 cm

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70
Q

What is the thickness of the Kidney?

A

3 cm

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71
Q

What is the location of the Kidneys?

A

(1) Retroperitoneal organs,
(2) on the upper part of the posterior abdominal wall
(3) In the paravertebral gutter
(4) Opposite— last thoracic vertebra (T12)
— upper 3 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L3)
(4) The Rt kidney is 0.5 inches lower than the Lt because of liver on the Rt

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72
Q

What is the shape of the kidney?

A

Bean shaped

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73
Q

What are the parts of the Kidney?

A
  • 2 ends (poles): upper and lower; the upper end is nearer to the median plane than the lower.
  • 2 borders: lateral convex border and + medial concave border presenting the hilum at its middle.
  • 2 surfaces: anterior (related to adjacent organs) and posterior (applied to the posterior abdominal wall).
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74
Q

What is the location of the upper end of the kidney?

A

The upper end of the
(1) both kidneys is nearer to the median plane(midline) than the lower end.
(2) left kidney is opposite the — 11th rib + upper border of T12;
(3) right kidney is opposite the — 11th space + lower border of T12.

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75
Q

What is the location of the lower end of the kidneys?

A
  • Lt kidney opposite → upper border of L3 + 6.5cm above iliac crest
  • Rt Kidney opposite → lower border of L3 + 5cm above iliac crest
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76
Q

Which end of the kidneys is nearer to the median plane, upper or lower?

A

Upper end

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77
Q

What is the location of the upper end of the right kidney?

A

Opposite the
(1) 11th space (ICS)
(2) lower border of T12

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78
Q

What is the location of the upper end of the left kidney?

A

Opposite the
(1) 11th rib
(2) upper border of T12

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79
Q

What is the location of the lower end of the left kidney in relation to the iliac crest?

A

6.5 cm above iliac crest

None

80
Q

What is the location of the lower end of the right kidney?

A

(1) Opposite the lower border of L3,
(2) 5 cm above iliac crest

81
Q

What is the surgical significance of the relation of the left kidney to the 11th rib and the Rt kidney to the 11th space?

A

Risk of pneumothorax during nephrectomy

82
Q

What is the vertebral level of the lower end of the Rt kidney?

A

Lower border of L3

83
Q

What is the location of the lower end of the Rt Kidney in relation to the iliac crest?

A

5cm above iliac crest

84
Q

What is the shape of the lateral border of both kidneys?

85
Q

What is the shape of the medial border of both kidneys?

86
Q

What is the content of the medial border of both kidneys?

A

Hilum at its middle.

87
Q

What is the other name of the kidney’s hilum?

88
Q

What is the location of the kidney’s hilum?

A
  • Both Kidneys → the middle of the medial border of the Kidney
  • Lt Kidney → L1( mnemonic; Lt one L1)
    → the centre of the hilum lies opposite the lower border of L1 spine, 2 inches from the median plane
  • Rt Kidney → L1-L2 (mostly L2)
89
Q

What are the contents of the kidney’s hilum?

90
Q

What is the surgical significance of the successive order of position of hilar structures of the kidneys?

A

+ In nephrolithotomy: pelvis of the ureter (posterior surface) is opened
+ in radical nephrectomy: renal vein (anterior surface) is opened

91
Q

Which structure in the renal hilum is attacked or opened in nephrolithotomy?

A

Pelvis of the ureter (posterior surface)

92
Q

Which structure in the renal hilum is attacked or opened in radical nephrectomy?

A

Renal vein (anterior surface)

93
Q

What are the relations of the kidneys?

94
Q

What are the anterior relations of the kidney?

95
Q

What are the posterior relations of the kidney?

96
Q

Discuss capsule (covering) of the kidneys?

97
Q

Enumerate the layers of the capsule (covering) of the kidneys from within outwards.

A
  1. True capsule (Fibrous capsule)
  2. Fatty capsule (Perinephric fat)
  3. False capsule (Zucker candle fascia or Gerota’s fascia)
98
Q

What is the other name of the true capsule of the kidneys?

A

Fibrous capsule

99
Q

What is the other name of the fatty capsule of the kidneys?

A

Perinephric fat

100
Q

What is the other name of the false capsule of the kidneys?

A

Zucker candle fascia or Gerota’s fascia

101
Q

What is the structure of the true fibrous capsule of the kidneys?

A

1.Collagen
2.Elastic fibres

102
Q

What is the location of the true fibrous capsule of the kidneys?

A

Closely invests or surrounds the kidneys

103
Q

What is the origin of the false capsule of the kidneys?

A

Fascia transversalis

104
Q

What is the structure of the false capsule of the kidneys?

A

2 layers:
(1) Fused above the kidney,
(2) Remain separate below to allow ptosis of the kidney

105
Q

What is the function of the false capsule of the kidneys?

A
  1. Encloses both kidneys and suprarenal glands
  2. Opens inferiorly
106
Q

What is the feature of the true (fibrous) capsule of the kidneys?

A

Can be stripped off easily

107
Q

What is the structure the fatty( perinepheric fat) capsule of the kidneys?

A

Adipose (fatty) tissue

108
Q

What are the structures that are enclosed by the true capsule?

A

Both:
(1) kidneys
(2) suprarenal glands

109
Q

Where does the false capsule open?

A

Inferiorly

110
Q

What is the surgical significance of the capsule (covering) of the kidneys?

111
Q

What is the role of the capsule (covering) of the kidneys in nephrotosis?

112
Q

What is the role of the capsule (covering) of the kidneys in renal trauma?

113
Q

Discuss surface anatomy of the kidneys

114
Q

Discuss arterial blood supply to the kidneys?

115
Q

What is the origin of the renal artery of both kidneys?

A

A branch of the abdominal aorta at L1/L2 (mostly L2)

116
Q

Compare between left renal artery and right renal artery in terms of length?

A
  • Left renal vein is longer than the right renal vein.
  • Rt renal artery is longer than the left renal artery.
117
Q

What is the relation of the renal artery to the renal vein?

A

Renal artery passes behind renal vein.

118
Q

What is the relation of the right renal artery to the IVC?

A

Right renal artery passes behind the IVC.

119
Q

What is the vertebral level at which the renal artery of both kidneys originates from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1/L2 (mostly L2)

120
Q

Discuss venous drainage of the kidneys?

121
Q

Where does the renal vein drain?

122
Q

Compare the lengths of the left and right renal veins.

A
  • The left renal vein is longer than the right renal vein.
  • The right renal artery is longer than the left renal artery
123
Q

What is the relation of the renal vein to the renal artery?

A

The renal vein passes in front of the renal artery.

124
Q

What structures does the renal vein pass anterior to?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. aorta.
125
Q

What is the relation of the renal vein to the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The renal vein passes behind the superior mesenteric artery.

126
Q

Clinical notes of the kidneys

127
Q

Discuss nutcracker syndrome

128
Q

The kidneys is usually approached surgically through which anatomical region in the abdomen?

A

Lumber region (loin)

129
Q

What is the main presenting feature of renal artery stenosis?

130
Q

What is the location of performance of AV fistula in haemodialysis?

A

Between redial artery and cephalic vein

131
Q

What is the surgical significance of the Lt kidney being higher than the Lt in its abdominal position ?

A

Rib resection may be needed in Lt kidney operations

132
Q

Why Rt nephrectomy is more dangerous than the Lt?

A

Due to
1st/ relation of the Rt kidney to the
(1) Biliary duct
(2) 2nd part of the duodenum
(3) Ampulla of Vater
2nd/ short Rt renal vein

133
Q

Discuss formation of the ureter

134
Q

What is the location of the ureter?

135
Q

What is the extension of the ureter?

A

From the tip of the transverse process of L1 (sacroiliac joint) to L5 (tip of ischial spine)

136
Q

What is the location of the beginning of the uterus?

A
  1. At the pelvic-ureteric junction
  2. In front of the tip of the transverse process of L1
137
Q

What is the location of the termination of the ureter?

A

Postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder

138
Q

What are the sites of ureteric constrictions?

139
Q

What is the surgical significance of the sites of ureteric constrictions?

A

Stone impaction, e.g., vesicoureteric stone.

140
Q

What is the diameter of each ureteric constriction?

141
Q

What is the length of the ureter?

A

25 - 30 cm

142
Q

What is the diameter of the ureter?

143
Q

Discuss parts of the ureter

144
Q

What is the length of the abd. part of ureter?

145
Q

What is the course of the abd. part of ureter?

A

Each ureter descends vertically behind the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall opposite the tips of transverse processes of lower 4 lumbar vertebrae (the same course in both ♂ & ♀).

146
Q

What is the main feature of abd part of ureter?

A

Retroperitoneal

147
Q

What is the vertebral level of abd. part of ureter?

A

Tips of transverse process of lower 4 lumbar vertebrae (L2-L5)

148
Q

What are the posterior relations of the abd. part of both ureters?

A

• Medial border of psoas major & genito-femoral nerve on it.
• Tips of transverse processes of the lower 4 lumbar vertebrae (L2-L5)

149
Q

What are the anterior relations of the abd. part of both ureters?

A

Mnemonic; 3

• 3rd part of duodenum
• 3 arteries
- Rt Gonadal vessels: gonadal vessels are medial to ureter then cross anterior then become lateral to the pelvic brim
- Rt colic
- Rt ileocolic
• 3 structures related to the mesentry
- its root
- SMA
- coils of ileum

150
Q

What is the relation of the gonadal vessels to both ureters?

A

Mnemonic; MAL

151
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery?

152
Q

What are the anterior relations of the abdominal part of both Lt ureters?

A

. Three arteries:
(1) Left gonadal, which becomes lateral to it at the pelvic brim;
(2) Upper left colic;
(3) Lower left colic.
. It passes behind the fossa intersigmoidae
. Sigmoid mesocolon
. Coils of sigmoid colon

153
Q

What are the medial relations of the abdominal part of the Rt ureter?

154
Q

What are the medial relations of the abdominal part of the Lt ureter ?

A

Inferior mesentric artery (IMA)

155
Q

What is the length of the pelvic part of the ureter?

156
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery?

A

It enters the pelvis by crossing in front of the bifurcation of the common iliac artery at the sacroiliac joint or pelvic inlet brim.

157
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the sacroiliac joint?

A

It enters the pelvis by crossing in front of the bifurcation of the common iliac artery at the sacroiliac joint or pelvic inlet (brim).

158
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the pelvic wall?

A

It runs downwards and backwards on the side of the pelvic wall until it reaches the ischial spine with the following relations:
- Anterior: peritoneum (it is retro-peritoneal).
- Posterior: internal iliac vessels.
- Lateral: obturator nerve & vessels and the umbilical artery.

159
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the ischial spine?

A

It runs downwards and backwards on the side of the pelvic wall until it reaches the ischial spine with the following relations:
- Anterior: peritoneum (it is retro-peritoneal).
- Posterior: internal iliac vessels.
- Lateral: obturator nerve & vessels and the umbilical artery.

At the level of the ischial spine ,it curves antero-medially crossing over the levator ani muscle to open into the postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder.
Here its course is different in M & F:
- in M: it is crossed by the vas deferens from lateral to medial.
- in F: it crosses posterior to the uterine artery 2 cm lateral to the cervix

160
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the lavator ani muscle?

A

At the level of the ischial spine ,it curves antero-medially crossing over the levator ani muscle to open into the postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder.
Here its course is different in M & F:
- in M: it is crossed by the vas deferens from lateral to medial.
- in F: it crosses posterior to the uterine artery 2 cm lateral to the cervix

161
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the urinary bladder?

A

At the level of the ischial spine ,it curves antero-medially crossing over the levator ani muscle to open into the postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder.
Here its course is different in M & F:
- in M: it is crossed by the vas deferens from lateral to medial.
- in F: it crosses posterior to the uterine artery 2 cm lateral to the cervix

162
Q

What is the sex difference in the course of the pelvic part of the ureter?

A

In males, it is crossed by the vas deferens from lateral to medial. In females, it crosses posterior to the uterine artery 2 cm lateral to the cervix.

163
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the vas deferens?

A

It is crossed by the vas deferens from lateral to medial.

164
Q

What is the relation of the pelvic part of the ureter to the uterine artery?

A

It crosses posterior to the uterine artery 2 cm lateral to the cervix.

165
Q

What is the surgical significance of the relation between the pelvic part of the ureter and the uterine artery?

A

The ureter passes behind the uterine artery, which can be injured during ovarian excision or hysterectomy.

167
Q

What is the length of the intramural part of the ureter?

168
Q

What is the course of the intramural part of the ureter?

A

Runs in an oblique course in the bladder wall.

169
Q

Discuss blood supply of the ureter?

A

Blood Supply: (Segmental)
- UPPER 1⁄2 ➔ renal artery.
- MIDDLE 1⁄2 ➔ gonadal, aorta & common iliac, internal iliac
- LOWER 1⁄2 ➔ vesical in male & uterine & vaginal in female & middle rectal
in both

170
Q

What is the blood supply of the upper 1/2 of the ureter?

A

Renal artery.

171
Q

What is the blood supply of the middle 1/2 of the ureter?

A

Gonadal, aorta & common iliac.

172
Q

What is the blood supply of the lower 1/2 of the ureter?

A

Vesical in male & uterine & vaginal in female & middle rectal in both.

173
Q

What is the blood supply of the lower 1/2 of the ureter in male?

A

Vesical artery.

174
Q

What is the blood supply of the lower 1/2 of the ureter in female?

A

Uterine & vaginal.

175
Q

What is the blood supply of the lower 1/2 of the ureter in both sexes?

A

Middle rectal.

176
Q

What is the main feature of the blood supply to the ureter?

177
Q

What is the site of drainage of the ureter?

A

Base of the bladder.

178
Q

What is the structure felt in pelvic (PV) examination at the level of cervix?

A

The base of the bladder.

179
Q

What are the sites of identification of the ureter on X-rays?

A

It runs in front of:
1. Tips of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.
2. Iliosacral joint.
3. Ischial spine.

180
Q

How to identify the ureter during surgical operations?

A

1st/Anatomical site:
+ Lies on psoas major.
+ Seen crossing:
(1) The bifurcation of common iliac.
(2) The ischial spine.

2nd/It is not an artery:
since the pulsations are not continuous but peristalsis.

3rd/It is not Psoas minor:
• Psoas Minor: Flat shining tendon.
• Ureter: white cord-like (tubular).

4th/It is not a colon:
• Colon: Blood vessels run circular.
• Ureter: Blood vessels run longitudinally.

181
Q

What is the best identification guide for the ureter?

A

The stone.

182
Q

How should the ureter be mobilized during surgery?

A

Abdominal ureter should be mobilized medially.
Pelvic ureter should be mobilized laterally (receives its blood supply from lateral side).

183
Q

What happens to the ureter during surgery?

A

The ureter remains attached to the undersurface of the peritoneum when the latter is reflected at surgery.

184
Q

What is a clinical note regarding renal stones?

A

Renal stones are likely to get impacted through constriction sites → ureteric colic (begins in loin & radiates to groin).

185
Q

What occurs in case of spasm of the intra-mural part of the ureter?

A

Pain radiates to external genitalia.

186
Q

What is the vertebral level where the pain from ureteric stone radiates?

188
Q

What is the main feature of Leydig Cell tumour?

A

Gynaecomastia

189
Q

What is the causative organism of cellulitis or ascending lymphangitis?

A

Group.A - β haemolytic streptococci which is Streptococcus pyogenes

190
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

191
Q

Define MRSA.

A

Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a major nosocomial pathogen that spreads by hands.
(usually of nursing or medical staph)

192
Q

What are the sites of MRSA?

A

Mnemonic; N/BAG

(1) Nose
(2) Buttocks
(3) Armpits
(4) Groin

193
Q

Define MRSA Carrier.

A

MRSA lives harmlessly on the skin, i.e.,asymptomatic.

194
Q

What is the mode of transmission of MRSA?

A

Contact, especially from the hands of nurses or medical staff.

195
Q

What are the symptoms of MRSA?

A

Asymptomatic, discovered only during screening.
2nd/ Mild cases may include
- pain.
3rd/ Severe cases may include
- fever,
- chills,
- aches,
- dizziness, and
- confusion.

196
Q

What are the five classic signs of inflammation?

A

Redness (rubor), Pain (dolor), Heat (calor), Swelling (tumor), Pus

MRCS part A- Principles of surgery in general (7 decks)

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