MRCP Deck 4 June 2023 Flashcards
Which of the following genetic translocations is most likely to be seen in a patient with APML?
A) t(8;14)
B) t(8;21)
C) t(9;22)
D) t(11;14)
E) t(15;17)
t(15;17)
t(11;14) - mantle lymphoma
t(9;22) - AML
t(8;21) - Burkitt lymphoma
What is the definition of functional residual capacity (FRC)?
A) The volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration
B) The additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration
C) The volume of air left in the lungs after fully exhaling
D) The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
E) The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration
The volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration.
The volume of air left in the lungs after fully exhaling = residual volume.
The additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration = expiratory reserve volume.
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible = forced vital capacity.
The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration = inspiratory reserve volume.
What is the appropriate treatment for a patient with long QT syndrome who has experienced syncopal episodes but no previous cardiac arrests?
A) Amiodarone
B) High left stellate ganglionectomy
C) ICD
D) Metoprolol
E) Permanent pacing
If a cardiac arrest has not occurred, b-blockers should be trialled in an attempt to abort the syncopal episodes.
Ganglionectomy is considered in patients who do not respond to b-blockers. ICD is reserved for patients who do not respond to either option or who present with non-fatal cardiac arrest.
What is the primary MOA of metformin?
A) Increases glucose uptake in fat
B) Increases glucose-dependent insulin release
C) Increases glucose-independent insulin release
D) Reduces hepatic glucose output
E) Slows gastric emptying
Reduces hepatic glucose output
In HOCM, which of the following is the most likely inherited genetic defect?
A) Troponin I
B) Troponin C
C) Troponin T
D) Myosin-binding protein C
E) Alpha actin
Myosin-binding protein C and beta-myosin heavy chain mutations comprise of the majority of HOCM mutations.
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Graves eye disease?
A) Deposition of extra-orbital fat
B) Deposition of glycosaminoglycans
C) Deposition of immunoglobulins
D) Oedema secondary to immunoglobulins
E) Oedema secondary to carbimazole
Deposition of glycosaminoglycans - Graves orbitopathy involves inflammatory infiltration of fat and extra-ocular muscles by lymphocytes, plasma cells and mast cells, followed by deposition of water and glycosaminoglycans which drive progressive exophthalmos.
What is the treatment of a patient with known Graves disease presenting with worsening diplopia, loss of colour vision and bilateral exophthalmos?
A) Bendroflumethiazide
B) PO selenium
C) Orbital radiotherapy
D) IV methylprednisolone
E) Rituximab
IV methylprednisolone should be administered due to the sight-threatening symptoms of optic nerve compression.
What is the primary MOA of terlipressin?
A) Increased DBP
B) Increased renal salt and water retention
C) Positive inotropic effects
D) Reduced intestinal motility
E) Reduced hepatic portal pressure
Terlipressin inhibits portal hypertension
What is the MOA of flecainide?
A) CCB
B) Muscarinic receptor antagonist
C) K channel blocker
D) Na channel blocker
E) Na+/K+ ATPase inhibtitor
Na channel blocker
Amiodarone = K channel blocker
Which antibodies are found in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
A) ANA
B) ASMA
C) Anti-TPO Ab
D) Blocking anti-TSHr Ab
E) Stimulating anti-TSHr Ab
Anti-TPO Ab and anti-thyroglobulin Ab are both associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Which of the following medications should not be used in conjunction with theophylline?
A) Azithromycin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Co-amoxiclav
D) Cephalexin
E) Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin is a CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and hence causes an increased exposure to theophylline leading to symptoms of toxicity (nausea, vomiting, hypokalaemia).
Which of the following can precipitate a scleroderma renal crisis?
A) Amlodipine
B) Omeprazole
C) Prednisolone
D) Ramipril
E) Valsartan
Prednisolone
ACEi are protective and are the intervention of choice for BP control.
What is the most appropriate management for a patient presenting with acute GPA?
A) IV belimumab
B) IV methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide
C) PO methotrexate
D) Plasma exchange
E) IV rituximab
IV methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide
Corticosteroids form the backbone of treatment with the addition of either cyclophosphamide or rituximab.
What is the most likely composition of renal stones in a patient with Crohns disease who has had multiple small bowel resections?
A) Calcium citrate
B) Calcium oxalate
C) Cystine
D) Magnesium ammonium phosphate
E) Uric acid
Small bowel resections –> short bowel syndrome –> increased intestinal absorption of oxalate –> increased oxalate into urine –> calcium oxalate stones
Which of the following is the inheritance pattern of Von-Hippel Lindau?
A) AD
B) AR
C) Sex-linked dominant
D) Sex-linked recessive
E) Spontaneous mutation only
AD
Although 2 copies of the VHL gene must be altered to trigger tumour and cyst formation - a mutation of the second copy commonly occurs during a persons lifetime - often in the brain, retina and kidneys - which is why the tumours are most commonly found in these tissues.
What is the most appropriate management in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis which has failed to be controlled by 2 different NSAIDs?
A) Apremilast
B) Etanercept
C) Methotrexate
D) Rituximab
E) Toclizumab
After 2 NSAIDs, treatment with anti-TNFa is the most appropriate next step. The evidence is strongest for etanercept and adalimumab.
A 72M is reviewed regarding his hypertension. His PMHx includes T2DM and diverticulosis. He is of African-Caribbean origin and he currently takes amlodipine 10mg and metformin. What would be the most appropriate antihypertensive to add?
A) ACEi
B) A-blocker
C) ARB
D) B-blocker
E) Thiazide diuretic
For patients of black African or African–Caribbean origin taking a calcium channel blocker for hypertension, if they require a second agent consider an angiotensin receptor blocker in preference to an ACE inhibitor.
A 30M has fine, fair hair and long arms. He has visible kyphosis and mild learning difficulties. He has had seizures in the past. He has previously been reviewed by ophthalmology due to downward dislocation of his lens and severe myopia. He has also been reviewed in haematology clinic with recurrent DVT. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
B) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
C) Fragile X
D) Homocystinurie
E) Marfan syndrome
Tall, long fingered, downward lens dislocation, learning difficulties, DVT - homocystinuria.
Marfan’s syndrome and homocystinuria can be difficult to differentiate clinically. However, Marfan’s syndrome is typically associated with upwards lens dislocation, unlike the downwards dislocation of the lens in this vignette. The heart is rarely affected in homocystinuria, whereas aortic regurgitation is common in Marfan’s. The recurrent thrombosis noted in this case is also more typical of homocystinuria. Marfan’s syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion where homocystinuria is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
A 17M presents with 2W of abdominal pain, diarrhoea and repeated episodes of flushing. Examination reveals urticarial skin lesions on the trunk. What test is most likely to reveal the diagnosis?
A) CXR
B) Urinary catecholamines
C) Serum amylase
D) Urinary HIAA
E) Urinary histamine
Given the history of diarrhoea and flushing a diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome should be considered, which would be investigated with urinary 5-HIAA levels. This does not explain the urticarial skin lesions. In a young person a diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis should be considered (average age of patients with a carcinoid tumour = 61).
Urinary histamine is used to diagnose systemic mastocytosis
A 17M presents with 2W of abdominal pain, diarrhoea and repeated episodes of flushing. Examination reveals urticarial skin lesions on the trunk. What test is most likely to reveal the diagnosis?
A) CXR
B) Urinary catecholamines
C) Serum amylase
D) Urinary HIAA
E) Urinary histamine
Given the history of diarrhoea and flushing a diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome should be considered, which would be investigated with urinary 5-HIAA levels. This does not explain the urticarial skin lesions. In a young person a diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis should be considered (average age of patients with a carcinoid tumour = 61).
Urinary histamine is used to diagnose systemic mastocytosis
A 55M who was admitted following a stroke 2W ago is reviewed. Yesterday he started to have a temperature and become more confused. A septic screen has shown radiological evidence of pneumonia. O/E his: RR 36/min, HR112/min, O2 sats 95% on RA and BP 102/66 mmHg. What is the most appropriate antibiotic to use?
A) Teicoplanin
B) Cefuroxime
C) Amoxicillin
D) Imipenem
E) Tazocin
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
-Within 5 days of admission: co-amoxiclav or cefuroxime
-More than 5 days after admission: piperacillin with tazobactam OR a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g. ceftazidime) OR a quinolone (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
A 55M who was admitted following a stroke 2W ago is reviewed. Yesterday he started to have a temperature and become more confused. A septic screen has shown radiological evidence of pneumonia. O/E his: RR 36/min, HR112/min, O2 sats 95% on RA and BP 102/66 mmHg. What is the most appropriate antibiotic to use?
A) Teicoplanin
B) Cefuroxime
C) Amoxicillin
D) Imipenem
E) Tazocin
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
-Within 5 days of admission: co-amoxiclav or cefuroxime
-More than 5 days after admission: piperacillin with tazobactam OR a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g. ceftazidime) OR a quinolone (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
LMWH has the greatest inhibitory effect on which one of the following proteins involved in the coagulation cascade?
A) Factor IXa
B) Factor XIa
C) Factor Xa
D) Thrombin
E) Factor XIIa
Heparins generally act by activating antithrombin III. Unfractionated heparin forms a complex which inhibits thrombin, factors Xa, IXa, XIa and XIIa. LMWH however only increases the action of antithrombin III on factor Xa.
What is the minimum time period to wait before increasing the dose of metformin from 500mg OD to BD?
A) 3D
B) 5D
C) 1W
D) 2W
E) 4W
Metformin should be titrated slowly, leave at least 1 week before increasing dose.
The BNF states that 500mg should be taken once daily, with breakfast, for at least 1 week. It can then be increased to 500mg twice daily, with breakfast and evening meals, again for 1 week. Subsequently, it can be increased to three times a day (with breakfast, lunch and evening meal), for another 1 week. It can then be titrated upwards once more to a total of 2g daily.