Mr. Samson: Unit 5 - Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Question 1

What is the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade?

Answer 1

agriculture

Question 2

A type of agriculture where farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit.

Answer 2

commercial agriculture

Question 3

A type of agriculture where farmers focus on raising food they need to live.

Answer 3

subsistence agriculture

Question 4

Growing crops that people plant, raise, and harvest

Answer 4

plant domestication

Question 5

Raising and caring for animals by humans for protection or food.

Answer 5

animal domestication

Question 6

Known as the Neolithic Revolution or the origin of farming; marked by the beginning of domestications of plants and animals.

Answer 6

First Agricultural Revolution

Question 7

Farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating a flat surface for crop production.

Answer 7

terrace farming

Question 8

The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops.

Answer 8

irrigation

Question 9

The number of crops or people that an area can support is known as?

Answer 9

carrying capacity

Question 10

What type of agriculture practice cuts down and burns all vegetation, where the ash provides some soil nutrients and the land can be farmed for a few years before the soil becomes depleted and the plot is abandoned.

Answer 10

slash-and-burn

Question 11

The removal of large tracts of forest

Answer 11

deforestation

Question 12

The transition of land from fertile to desert.

Answer 12

desertification

Question 13

Enabled British landowners to purchase and encircle land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers.

Answer 13

Enclosure Acts

Question 14

Began in the 1960s; companies control the development, planting, processing, and selling of food products to the consumer.

Answer 14

Third Agricultural Revolution

Question 15

The development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, faster-growing varieties of grains. (Primarily rice, corn, and wheat).

Answer 15

Green Revolution

Question 16

Hybridization process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

Answer 16

GMOs

Question 17

Who was the chief architect of the Green Revolution?

Answer 17

Norman Borlaug

Question 18

A form of subsistence agriculture; practiced in arid and semi-arid climates in the developing world where people travel from place to place with their herds or domesticated animals.

Answer 18

pastoral nomadism

Question 19

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers, usually in tropical climate regions, move from one field to another.

Answer 19

shifting cultivation

Question 20

Commercial gardening and fruit farming; found mostly in California and the Southeast in order to take advantage of long growing seasons.

Answer 20

market gardening

Question 21

Another form of market gardening where products were traditionally driven to urban markets and sold. Fruits and vegetables include lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes.

Answer 21

truck farming

Question 22

The geographic distance that dairy is delivered. This distance increased with improvements in refrigeration and transportation.

Answer 22

milk shed

Question 23

Herders practice the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter. (goats and sheep are the principal livestock)

Answer 23

transhumance

Question 24

A type of agriculture practiced in regions with hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some type of irrigation system.

Answer 24

Mediterranean agriculture

Question 25

Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used (includes shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching).

Answer 25

extensive farming

Question 26

Agriculture that involves greater input of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used (includes terrace farming, market gardening, and plantations).

Answer 26

intensive farming

Question 27

A technique that maximizes the output on a small amount of land by planting and harvesting twice per year.

Answer 27

double-cropping

Question 28

When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field (a.k.a. multicropping).

Answer 28

intercropping

Question 29

Confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement.

Answer 29

feed lots

Question 30

The integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry. This includes large-scale commercial agriculture and also the steps of processing and production, transportation, marketing, retail, and research development. Typically performed by transnational corporations.

Answer 30

agribusiness

Question 31

A legacy of colonialism; replaced subsistence farming with commercial agriculture in many less developed regions.

Answer 31

Plantation Agriculture

Question 32

A system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, and consumers often owned by one corporation.

Answer 32

supply chain

Question 33

A process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers.

Answer 33

commodity chain

Question 34

The raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land.

Answer 34

monoculture

Question 35

A farm where no one lives on the farm and harvesting and planting is performed by farmers who live nearby or by migratory labor.

Answer 35

suitcase farm

Question 36

Transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip.

Answer 36

cool chains

Question 37

The use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies. One way to describe the current state of global food production.

Answer 37

neocolonialism

Question 38

An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices.

Answer 38

fair trade movement

Question 39

Government provided support to farmers to ensure that consumers have a dependable, low-cost supply of food.

Answer 39

subsidy

Question 40

When a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps in developing a product.

Answer 40

verticle integration

Question 41

Rural residents; commonly groups of homes located near each other in a “hamlet” or village.

Answer 41

clustered settlements

Question 42

A pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.

Answer 42

dispersed settlements

Question 43

Plot boundaries, fields, that often had irregular shapes that reflected the location of physical features and traditional patterns of use. (i.e. “from the oak tree, 100 yards north, to the corner of the barn AND using larger features like streams or roads)

Answer 43

metes and bounds

Question 44

Government organized land; areas six miles long and six miles wide.

Answer 44

township

Question 45

France developed a farm system, where long thin sections of land ran perpendicular to a river.

Answer 45

French long-lot system

Question 46

An economic model that suggested a pattern for types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods. (a guide for geographers as they study the relative value of land and transportation costs.)

Answer 46

von Thünen Model

Question 47

A flat and featureless plain.

Answer 47

isotropic

Question 48

According to the von Thünen Model, this zone is closest to the Market zone and is a type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairying.

Answer 48

horticulture

Question 49

The starting position for each land use relative to the market as well as where each land-use would end, according to the von Thünuen Model.

Answer 49

bid rent curve/bid price curve

Question 50

Naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops different from those predicted by von Thünen’s Model.

Answer 50

comparative advantage

Question 51

An area of recreational parks or other undeveloped land, rather than a source of fuel.

Answer 51

greenbelt

Question 52

The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water.

Answer 52

aquaculture

Question 53

Food produced without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or other unnatural processes.

Answer 53

organic food

Question 54

Aquaculture has dramatically increased the availability of fish protein to many people, which is now the fastest-growing form of food production on the planet and responsible for approximately 50% of the world’s seafood.

Answer 54

Blue Revolution

Question 55

If the density of animals is greater than the grasslands can support, animals will damage the grasslands to the extent that the vegetation will not refresh itself even after the animals leave.

Answer 55

overgrazing