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Neuroscience > movment disorders Cerebellum > Flashcards

movment disorders Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

synergy of movement

A

elemental muscular contractions are coordinated to create purposeful movement

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2
Q

posture

A

whereby the body is oriented appropriately relative to the vector of gravity

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3
Q

muscular tone

A

muscles exhibit appropriate basal levels of contraction to determine posture

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4
Q

comparator actions of cerebellum

A

copies of motor instructions get to cerebellum and it compares gets sensory feedback and then compares it with the original motor instructions. if the outcomes are mismatched its ends corrective signals to the motor centers

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5
Q

basic rule of cerebllar function

A
  1. cerebellum innervates the ipsilateral body indirectly
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6
Q

acute cerebellar damage uields

A

pronounced ipsilateral motor deficits.

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7
Q

substantail functional recovery often occurs with

A

long standing but non progressive crebellar damage

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8
Q

embryological origin of cerebellum

A

protuberance of the mesencephalon

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9
Q

anterior lobe is superior to

A

the primary fissure

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10
Q

the cerebellar hemisphere indirectly regulates

A

the ipsilateral body

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11
Q

trunk is functionally regulated by

A

more medial cerebellar structures

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12
Q

limbs are functionally regulated by

A

more laterally cerebellar structures.

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13
Q

vestibulo cerebellum

A

cooresponds with the flocculonodular lobe, most afferents arise form the vestibular apparatus regulating balance and eyemovements

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14
Q

spinocerebellum

A

overlaps primarily with anterior node. provides region with sensory feedback regarding consequences of motor activity, assisting with regulation of gross truncal and limb movements

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15
Q

cerebro cerebellum

A

overlaps with psoterior lobe. integrates instructions with sensory feedback to smooth movements requiring precision and location and timing.

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16
Q

cerebellar efferents and afferents form

A

cerebellar peduncles

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17
Q

middle peducnle carries

A

info from pons to cerebellum

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18
Q

superior and inferior peduncles carry

A

bidirectional traffic with theinferior peduncle being the greater conductor of afferents.

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19
Q

Superior peduncle transmit to

A

pons and midbrain(except vestibular nuclei

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20
Q

inferior cerebellar relay

A

info from spinal levels into the cerebellum

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21
Q

supeiror peduncle also contributes to

A

communications with olive, CN VIII , vestibular nuclei.

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22
Q

suprspinal inputs

A

cerebro-ponto-cerebellar, rubro-olivo, reticulo, vestibulo, tecto-ponto, trigeminal, monoaminergic

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23
Q

copies of corticospinal an corticobulbar signals terminate in

A

the ipsilateral deep pontine nuclei

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24
Q

pontocerebellar fibers cross the mid line to

A

enter the cerebellar hemisphere opposite to the cortical site of origin via the middle cerebellar peduncle

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25
Q

rubro efferents that don’t cross as part of the rubrospinal tract may descend to

A

the rsotral medulla to synapse in the inferior olivary nucleus

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26
Q

olivo-cerebellar fibers cross the midline of the medulla to

A

enter the cerebellum

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27
Q

reticular formation normally influences

A

muscle tone and informs the cerebellum

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28
Q

vestibular afferents my pass directly

A

from CN VIII into the ipslateral flocculonodular lobe

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29
Q

Vestibular nuclei less directly relay

A

additional signals arising from cranial nerve VII

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30
Q

tectum orients

A

the head and eyes towards potential threats based on auditory, visual and somatosensory info

31
Q

tectal motor signals reach

A

the cerebellum

32
Q

trigeminal nuclei provides

A

inputs to the cerebellum

33
Q

pontine and medullary nuclie project to

A

the cerebellum providing monaminergic modulation

34
Q

Spinocerebellar inputs

A

dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar, cuneocerebelllar.

35
Q

ventral spinocerebellar system is

A

an array of receptors that contribute to analysis of whole limb movement communicating with spinal gray matter

36
Q

spinal neruons sends acons acroos the cord to

A

ascend to the superior cerebellar penduncle to enter the cerebellum

37
Q

many of the spinal neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar system cross a second time

A

within the cerebellum. (this is functionally similar to the pathway that doesn’t cross.

38
Q

neuromuscular spindles and golgi tendon organs transmit signals related to

A

specific msucles into the spinal dorsal horn

39
Q

the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway scends

A

ipsilaterally to enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

40
Q

proprioceptors for the uppper limbs contribute to

A

the ipslateral fasciculus cuneatus which terminats int he medullary nucleus cuneatus

41
Q

external aruate fibers enter the cerebellum throguh

A

the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle as the cuneo cerebellar pathwya.

42
Q

beneath meninges is

A

the cerebellar cortex

43
Q

beneath the cerebeallar cortex is

A

the subcortical white matter

44
Q

embedded within the subcortical white matter are

A

clusters of cell bodies which are analogous to the basal nuclei of the cerebrum

45
Q

near the deep cerebellar nuclei is the

A

ventricular system(fourth ventricle, analogous with the lateral ventricles.

46
Q

two basic types of fibers enter the cerebellum largely terminating in the

A

cortex but also the dep cerebellar nuclei

47
Q

climbing fibers arise from the

A

inferior olivary nuclei

48
Q

mossy fibers constistue

A

the remainder of the cerebellar afferents.

49
Q

cerebellar cortex is organized as

A

foila and is laminated

50
Q

closest to the white matter lie

A

the cortical granule cells which form the granule layer and receive inputs from mossy fibers

51
Q

vestibulo cerebellum distrubances affect

A

equilibrium related motor functions: nystagmus, tilted head, titubation

52
Q

spino cerebullum disturbances affect

A

posture and movements of limbs: ataxias, gait ataxia accompanied by lurching to the side of the lesion

53
Q

cerebro cerebellum disturbances affect

A

accuracy and timing of movement: ataxia, decomposition of movement, dysarthria(slurred monotous speech), dyssynergia(no rapid alternating movements, dysmetria(past-pointing, hypotonia, intention tremor, rebound phenomenon

54
Q

midline astrocytomas

A

occur most commonly in children - broad based stance with impaired tandem walking -nystagmus - truncal ataxia - headache -hydrocephalus -elevated IP -nausea and vomiting

55
Q

granule cell axons ascend to

A

the superficial cortical layer, then bifurcate, wiht one process traveling medial and the other laterally

56
Q

golgi cells provide

A

inhibitory feedback to granule cells

57
Q

dendrites of purkinje cells occupy

A

the superficial layer of the cortex

58
Q

paralllel fibers excite the

A

dendrites of the purkinje cells and local inhibitory interneurons

59
Q

climbing fibers ascend to

A

synpase directly on the dendrites of the purkingje cells, spreading excitation in the rostrocaudal palne

60
Q

between the molecular and granule layers is

A

the purkinje layer occupied by large purkinje somata

61
Q

one excite purkinje cells transmit signals

A

down their axons which exit the cortical gray matter

62
Q

purkinje cells commonly release

A

GABA onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells.

63
Q

deep nuclear cells emit

A

cerebellar efferent axons

64
Q

fastigial efferents reach medail vestibular nuclei

A

to influence reflexive movements of the eyes, head and neck

65
Q

fastigial efferents reach lateral vestibular nuclei to

A

ipsilaterally influence movements of the limbs and trunk.

66
Q

fastigial efferents reach pontine and medullary reticular formations

A

influence a broad array fo muscles.

67
Q

efferents of the interpsoed nucleus communicates with

A

the contralateral red nucleus to infuence the output of the rubrospinal system.

68
Q

the dentate nucleus receives input from

A

the lateral cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus to influence the cortical motor systems.

69
Q

Cerebellar stroke

A

usualy the verteberal artery system -unilateral occlusive disease -Dysarthria -Dyssynergia(ipsilateral) -Dysmetria -Dysdiadokinesia -intention tremor(ipsilateral) -limb ataxia(ipsilateral) -rebound phenomenon(ipsilateral -truncal ataxia - brainstem signs not common because cerebellar arteries supply it

70
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency linked to

A

degeneration of the anterior vermis and adjacent parts of the remaining anterior cerebellar lobe - cortical purkinje degeneration -reactive gliosis -dysmetria of legs and lurching gait -truncal ataxia and intention tremor -recovery can follow

71
Q

Louis-Bar syndrome

A

-degeneration of cerebellar purkinje cells and compromised immune function -delayed development in walking, talking facial and ocular movement - sensitivity to ionizing radiation -increased vulnerability to cancer -skin and eyes express dilated blood vessels

72
Q

cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

A

lesions of posterior lobe -failures of cognitive and emotional systems -emotional blunting and depression, disinhibtion, psychotic features. -executive, viual-spatial, and linguistic deterioration - dysmetria of thought.

73
Q

Four motor centers that contribute to cerebellum input

A

primary motor cortex, reticulospinal tract, vestibulospinal stract, rubrospinal tract

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