Moving Around

Question 1

What animals have a sprawling stance? Describe this stance.

Answer 1

Lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and salamanders
Allthe limbs are bent and their tummy likely touches the ground at some point.

Question 2

What animals have a erect stance? Describe this stance.

Answer 2

Mammals and birds
All limbs point straight down from their girdles

Question 3

Which stance is more energy effienct: sprawling or erect? Why?

Answer 3

Erect because it is easier to support body weight when standing while the limbs are not bent and it allows the limb to contribute to the full length of the stride.

Question 4

Did dinos stand erect or did they sprawl?

Answer 4

They stood erect

Question 5

Cursorial limbs

Answer 5

limbs specially adapted for fast locomotion and they tend to have long lower leg bones. Animals with these limbs tend to either stand on their toes or on hoofs

Question 6

Digitigrade posture

Answer 6

When an animal stands on their toes

Question 7

Unguligrade posture

Answer 7

when an animal stands on toenails that have been modified to hoofs

Question 8

Plantigrade posture

Answer 8

When an animal stands on our toes and flat feet simutaneously (phalanges and metatarsales are all touching the ground)

Question 9

How did Ornithomimids stand?

Answer 9

Digitigrade stance

Question 10

Graviportal limbs

Answer 10

Specially adapted to support extreme body weight, they tend to have large feet with fleshy pads that provide solid support and help absorb impact when walking, limbs tend to be short and when walking the joints bend as little as possible

Question 11

Obligate bipeds

Answer 11

Animals that almost always walk and run on 2 legs

Question 12

Obligate quadrupeds

Answer 12

animals that almost always walk and run on all 4 legs

Question 13

Faculatative bipeds

Answer 13

Walks and all 4 legs but can raise on 2 legs to run

Question 14

How did the anscestor to all dinosaurs walk?

Answer 14

They were an obligate biped

Question 15

What group(s) of dinosaurs were obligate quadrepeds?

Answer 15

Sauropods, stegosaurs, and ankylosaurs

Question 16

What group(s) of dinosaurs were obligate and faculatative bipeds?

Answer 16

Ceratopsians (depending on which species your talking about)

Question 17

What group(s) of dinosaurs were obligate and obliagate bipeds?

Answer 17

Pachycephalosaurs and theropods

Question 18

Caudofemoralis

Answer 18

Large muscle that pulled backward on the hindleg and is important for powering birds and crocodiles when they walk and run.

Anchored to the under surface of the ilium, to the caudal vertebrae, and to the chevrons and is attached via tendon to the femur

Question 19

Trochanter

Answer 19

A prominance bone where the caudofemoralis muscle-ligament attaches in crocodiles and birds

Question 20

Where was the theropods trochanter located and how did it benifit them?

Answer 20

It was high on the femur which allowed the caudofemoralis to repeatedly retract quickly allowing them to swing their legs fast when sprinting

Question 21

Where was the hadrosaurs trochanter located and how did it benifit them?

Answer 21

It was further down the femur (as well as most other herbivours) which reduced their speed the caudofemoralis could have repeatedly retracted but it would have granted better musscle endurance (each retraction would have pulled with greater leverage) which was needed for the constant movement/ grazing

Question 22

Ichnofossils

Answer 22

Fossils that recorded traces of biological activity such as footprints, tooth marks and burrows

Question 23

Trackways

Answer 23

Entire series of dinosaur footprints that can be assembled

Question 24

How did bipedal dinosaurs hold their body relative to the ground?

Answer 24

In a horazontal position and their tails off the ground

Question 25

How can trackways be used to determine how fast a dino moved?

Answer 25

Can measure the length of the dinos strides and estimate their leg length from the proportions of their footprints (most fossils are made in mud though so we mainly know walking speed)

Question 26

Ectotherm

Answer 26

“cold-blooded”
Animals that ajust thir internal body temp. through behaviours that depend on the temp. differenes within their enviroment

Question 26

Endotherm

Answer 26

“warm-blooded”
Animals that regulate thir own body temps. through metabolic processes such as through burning energy to generat internal heat or sweating to lower internal tempuratures.

Question 27

What is more energy coastly: ectoderm or endoderm?

Answer 27

Endoderm

Question 28

What advantages do endoderms have over ectoderms?

Answer 28

They can survive cold climates, they are always ready for action (not dependent on the climate/ time of day), and they do not need to take frequent stops while maintaining a high levelof activity

Question 29

Histology

Answer 29

The technique of slicing samples of bone into very thin sections so that the bones can be ovserved under magnification

Question 30

Osteons

Answer 30

bone cells

Question 31

Gigantothermic

Answer 31

Theory that the large volume but small SA of dinosaurs allowed them to be ectothermic without loosing signifigant outside heat