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PALEO 200 > Appearance and Anatomy > Flashcards

Appearance and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Fossil

A

Any perserved evidence of a prehistoric organism

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2
Q

Adaptations

A

Traits that have evolved because they serve specific functions

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3
Q

What are the 4 major functions of bones?

A
  • they passively resist gravity and maintain an animals form
  • they provide a ridgid framework for muscle attachment
  • Bones provide protection
  • Bones store mineral reserves
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4
Q

Vertebrates

A

ANimals that have vertebrae and skulls

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5
Q

Invertebrates

A

Animals that lack vertebrae

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6
Q

Brain case

A

Rear portion of skull that is hollow and houses the brain

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7
Q

Nares

A

pair of openings in the skull for the nostrils

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8
Q

Orbits

A

pair of openings in the skull for the eyes

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9
Q

Fenestrae

A

Additional skull openings

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10
Q

Laterotemporal fenestrae

A

Fenestrae on the lateral sides of the skull

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11
Q

Supratemporal fenestrae

A

Fenestrae on the top of the skull

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12
Q

What does the laterotemporal/ supratemporal fenestrae do?

A

Provide extra room for large jaw muscles

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13
Q

Antorbital fenestrae

A

Third fenestrae between each orbit and naris (function is unknown)

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14
Q

Centrum

A

The spool or dsik shaped body of the vertebrae

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15
Q

Neural Arch

A

above the centrum abd it functions to cover the nerual canal

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16
Q

Neural Canal

A

The opening in each vertbrae where the spinal nerves run

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17
Q

Vertebral processes

A

Provide attachment surfaces for muscles and sometimes provide articulation surfaces for ribs; 2 types: Transverse and Spinous

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18
Q

Transverse Processes

A

Extend from the lateral sides of vertebrae

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19
Q

Spinous Processes

A

Extend upward from the neural arch

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20
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the neck, these often have a extra-large opening for blood and nerve channels and they help support the animals head

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21
Q

Dorsal vertebrate

A

Vertebrate in the back, these often have tall spinous processes and large rib articulation surfaces

22
Q

Sacral Vertebrate

A

Vertebrate in the hips, these are fused to the pelic bones forming a solid bone structure called the sacrum

23
Q

Caudal Vertebrae

A

Vertebrae in the tail, have chevrons underneath the vetebrae to protect a large blood and nerve channel and provides tail support

24
Q

Gastralia

A

Small ribs posisioned across the dinosaurs underbelly

25
Q

Tetrapods

A

Animals that evolved from an ascestor with 4 feet and 4 limbs

26
Q

Limb girdles

A

Connect the limbs of tetrapods to the rest of the skeleton

27
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

part of the skeleton where the forelimbs connect

28
Q

Scapula

A

shoulder blade (largest bone in each side of the pectoral girdle)

29
Q

Pelvic girdle (what is it composed of?)

A

Where the hindlimbs connect in the skeleton (each side of the pelvic girdle is composed of 3 bones, the ilium, pubis, and ischium)

30
Q

Acetabulum

A

depression/ hole in the pelvic girdle into which the hind limbs articulate

31
Q

What are the arm and leg bones of Tetrapods?

A

Arm: Humerus, Radium, Ulna, Carples, Metacarples, and phalanges

Leg: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsles, Metatarsels, and Phalanges

32
Q

Saurischian

A

Dinosaurs that share an evolutionary ancestor that has a pubis that extends downward and forward toward the ribcage

means “lizard hipped”

33
Q

Ornithischian

A

Dinosaurs that share an evolutionary ancestor that had both a special beak-forming bone in the upper jaw and a pubis that extended downward and toward the tail
This gave them more space in the rib cage for X-large digestive organs (primarly herbivors)
means “bird hipped”

34
Q

What are the 2 major groups of Saurischians?

A

Sauropomorphs and Theropods

35
Q

Sauropomorphs

A

Large herbivours with elongated necks and reletively small heads

36
Q

Prosauropods

A

early group of sauropodomorphs and the first group of large-bodied herbivour dinosaurs to evolve

37
Q

Sauropods

A

Large group of Sauropodomorphs, many were a gigantic size, who stood on 4 robust and column like legs. Their vertebrae were filled with air sacs to help reduce weight and they had peg-like teeth

38
Q

Theropods

A

Bipedal saurischian dinosaurs that shared a carnivourous ancestor. Many were carnivourous and had sereded, blade-like teeth and a sharp hooked claws (there were some that were herboviours and some lacked teeth)

Birds are types of theropods

39
Q

What are the 5 major groups of Ornithischians?

A
  • Ornithopods
  • Pachycephalosaurs
  • Ceratopsians
  • Stegosaurs
  • Ankylosaurs
40
Q

Ornithopods

A
  • Lacked armour
  • either walked bipedally all the time or assumed a bipedal stance while running
  • some smaller and some larger
  • Example disnosaurs: Iguanodonts abd Hadrosaurs
    The Hadrosaur had a “duckbill” with tightly packed small teeth at the rear of their mouth for large chewing surfaces
41
Q

Pachycephalosaurs

A
  • bipdeal
  • short arms
  • very strong tails
  • thick domed skull roofs ad backwards inting horns
  • have sharp conical teeth in the front of their mouths and leaf shaped teeth in the rear of the mouth
  • Example dino: Pachycephalosaurus
42
Q

Ceratopsians

A
  • have large parrot like beaks and skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear
  • Rear skull expansion is taken to a boney frill or neck sheild
  • many have large forns and have dental batteries
    -Example dinosaur is the Triceratops
43
Q

Stegosaurs

A
  • Quadrupedal dinosaur with rows of projecting osteoderms
  • Example Dinosaur is te Stegosaurus
44
Q

Ankylosaurs

A
  • most heavily armoured dinosaur
  • quadrupedal
  • have short legs and a wide ribcage
  • backs of these animals are covered in spikey protective osteoderms and some have large osteoderms on their tails forming a “tail club”
  • Example dino: Anodontosaurus
45
Q

Dental batteries

A

small teeth that were tightly packed at the rear of the mouth (adaptation for large chewing surface in herbivours)

46
Q

Osteoderms

A

Bones that develop within the skin and are a common component of animal armour

47
Q

Integument

A

body covering

48
Q

Melanosomes

A

pigment cells within feathers

49
Q

What makes a feather black/grey?

A

long and narrow malanosomes

50
Q

What makes feathers white?

A

no melanosomes

51
Q

What makes feathers Iridecent/ glossy?

A

narrow malanosomes that are aligned in the same direction

52
Q

What makes fethers brown/reddish?

A

Short and wide malanosomes

PALEO 200 (8 decks)

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