Movements

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

> Plane: Sagittal plane, Frontal axis
Range: 20-45 degrees
Limited by: Posterior Longitudingal, Flavum, Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments
: Tension in E.S + TLF
: Orientation of the facet joints
Produced by: Rectus Abdominis, Internal and External Oblique
Fixators: Trans abs + multifidus
: intertransveralis and rotatores

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

> Plane: Sagittal plane/frontal axis
Range: 20-45 degrees
Limited by: Anterior longitudinal ligament
: Orientation of the facet joints + spinous processes
Produced by: Erector Spinae
assisted by: interspinalis muscles
: semispinalis thoracis
Fixators: trans abs + multifidus
: intertransversalis + rotatores

Question 3

Lateral Flexion

Answer 3

> Plane: Frontal Plane, Sagittal axis
Range: 20-40 degrees
Limited by: approximation of ribs
: tension in contralateral side
Produced by: ipsilateral External + Internal oblique, rectus abdominis, erector spinae
assisted by: intertransversarii and levatores costarum
Fixation : multifidus and trans abs
: interspinalis

Question 4

Rotation

Answer 4

> Plane: Horizontal plane, vertical axis
Range: 30-35 degrees
Limited by: tension in ipsilateral external obliques, rectus abdominis
: contralateral internal obliques + erector spinae
Produced by: Contralateral external obliques + R.A
: Ipsilateral Internal oblique + e.s
assisted by Rotatores + Unilateral semispinalis + Levatores Costarum