Movements

Question 1

Movements allowed in lumbar spine

Answer 1

> Flexion
Extension
Side Flexion
Rotation

Question 2

Fixators for all movements

Answer 2

> Transversus Abdominis
Multifidus
(segmental level = intertransversarus + Interspinales)

Question 3

Flexion

Answer 3

> Plane: Sagittal plane, frontal axis
Range: 50-60 degrees
Limited by: Supraspinous, Interspinous, Flavum, Posterior Longitudinal ligaments
: Tension in extensors + TLF
Produced by: Rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques
Assisted by hip flexors such as psoas major if legs = fixed (others will act to create nutation which is associated with lumbar flexion* CHECK THIS)

Question 4

Extension

Answer 4

> Plane: Sagittal plane, frontal axis
Range: 30 degrees
Limited by: Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
: Tension in abdominals
Produced by: Quadratus Lumborum
: Erector spinae (primarily iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis in lumbar spine)
Assisted by interspinales muscles and possibly the hip extensors such as the gluteus maximus via TLF attachment

Question 5

Side Flexion

Answer 5

> Plane: Frontal plane, Sagittal axis
Range: 25 degrees
Limited by: intertransverse ligaments
: tension in contralateral side flexors
Produced by: ipsilateral obliques, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum and erector spinae
assisted by; intertransversus

Question 6

Rotation

Answer 6

> Plane: Horizontal plane, vertical axis
Range: 8-12 degrees total (1-2 degrees at each level)
Limited by: orientation of facet joints
Produced by: Ipsilateral internal oblique and erector spinae
: Contralateral External oblique and rectus abdominis
assisted by rotatores (work contralaterally)