movement term 2 Flashcards
what 2 parts of the spine are most mobile?
cervical and lumbar
what is excessive kyphosis
‘hunchback’
what is excessive lordosis? who does it often occur in?
excessive arching of back
heavily pregnant women, due to the weight distribution of baby
describe the curvature of a normal vertebral column
Thoracic and sacral kyphosis – primary curvatures – present in the foetus
Cervical and lumbar lordosis – secondary curvatures – develop later
what is scoliosis?
you see like a S shape when look at spine from back (should be straight, when viewed from back)
learn general plan of vertebrae and how it differs in each part of spine
see movement lecture on 4th jan 2017
what foramina do spinal nerves pass?
intervertebral foramina
which vertebrae contain transverse foramina? what is the function of transverse foramina?
C1-C6
passage of vertebral artery and vein to/from brain
which vertebrae are most prone to dislocation? is this likely to harm spinal cord?
cervical
less likely as vertebral foramen is very large in cervical part of spine
what is another name for the C1 vertebrae? and what is special about it?
atlas (C1)
- “circular like a globe, which shows the world like an atlas does”
- no spinous process or body
Consists of anterior and posterior arches, each of which has a tubercle and a lateral mass.
There is a tubercle each on the medial surface of the lateral mass for the transverse ligament, which holds in place the dens of the C2 vertebrae.
what is another name for the C2 vertebrae? and what is atypical about it?
axis (C2)
- “the axis on which the globe (atlas) spins on”
C2 has two large flat surfaces, the superior articular facets, upon which the atlas rotates.
It’s distinguishing feature is the dens (G. tooth), also known as the odontoid process (or peg)
This held in position by the transverse ligament of the atlas - prevents horizontal displacement of the atlas.
nb together the atlas and the axis allow for rotation of neck
what type of joint is the one between the atlas and the dens (of the axis)? why is this clinically relevant?
synovial
it can be affected by rheumatoid arthritis
what part of the axis is most vulnerable to fracture, why?
the dens
- as this part is less dense
what shape is the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?
heart shaped
“the heart is in the thorax”
what part of thoracic vertebrae do the tubercles of the ribs articulate with?
tubercle articulate with costal facets on transverse process of vertebrae (SAME number as rib)
what part of thoracic vertebrae do the heads of the ribs articulate with?
Head of rib articulates with the superior demifacet of the corresponding (same number) vertebra and the inferior demifacet of the vertebra above
what is spondylolisthesis?
Spondylolisthesis is where a bone in the spine (vertebra) slips out of position, either forwards or backwards.
what is the name of the joints between vertebrae? (not the ones seperates by discs)
zygapophysial (facet) joints
Facet (zygapophysial) joints occur between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Orientation of articular facets determines types of movements that are possible
what are the 2 parts of intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosis – peripheral fibrocartilage ring attached to the rim of vertebral body
Nucleus pulposus – central gelatinous substance that acts as a ‘shock absorber’
- and distribution of weight
what happens to your vertebral discs as you get older? and what affects does this have?
water content of discs decreases
- reduced flexibility of spine
- reduced shock-absorber capability
what are the 5 main ligaments of the vertebral column?
- ligamentum flavum
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- interspinous/supraspinous ligament
- intertransverse ligament (between transverse processes)
what is the function of ligamentum flavum?
binds lamina of adjacent vertebrae (paired)
- ie around zygapophysial joints
holds vertebrae together
what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prevents posterior herniation of articular discs (ie slipped disc) onto spinal cord
what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
prevents hyperEXTENSION of vertebral column