Control 1 Flashcards
What are the main lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
What are the names of the grooves/pits and folds in the brain?
groove/pit: sulcus (pl. sulci)
fold: gyrus (pl. gyri)
“if you SULK, the you’re feeling down in a PIT”
What does the precentral gyrus do? and where is it in the brain?
- gives rise to every motor neurone to every muscle (except muscles of the eye)
- anterior to the central sulcus
what does the postcentral gyrus do? and where is it in the brain?
- receives every bit of sensation from every bit of skin in the body
- posterior to the central sulcus
what are grey matter and white matter mostly made up of?
grey matter: cell bodies
white matter: axons (covered in fatty WHITE myelin)
what does the calcimine sulcus do? and where is it?
- processes vision
- most posterior part of the brain, in the occipital lobe
what are the 3 areas of the brain stem? from most superior to most posterior
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
where does the vagus nerve originate from?
medulla oblongata (of the brain stem)
it’s the 10th cranial nerve (X)
what part of the brain helps coordinate movement?
the cerebellum
what is the bundle of nerves that connect the two hemispheres called?
corpus collosum
what is the junction of the parietal and occipital lobes called?
parietal occipital sulcus
what does the thalamus do?
a relay station
- projects stuff from PNS to cerebral hemispheres and vice versa
what does the hypothalamus do?
controls the ANS
- links endocrine system to cerebrum
what nervous structure sits at the top of the nasal cavities?
olfactory bulbs
what sections (primary brain vesicles) does the neural tube divide into?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord
what are the scientific names of the the 3 primary brain vesicles of the embryonic brain
forebrain = PROSencephalon
“PRO is best part and so comes first”
midbrain = MESencephalon
“MES mean MIDdle”
hindbrain = RHOMBencephalon
“RHOMB is like RUMP which another name for your beHIND”
What sections (secondary brain vesicles) do the 3 parts of the embryonic brain split into?
and which of these new parts does the optic vesicles (future eyes) originate from?
prosencephalon –> TELencephalon
“if you do something bad you
TELL someone FIRST”
–> DIencephalon
“DI = 2, your two eyes come
from here”
mesencephalon –> stays the same!!
rhombencephalon –> METencephalon
“where the hindbrain MEETs
midbrain”
–> MYELencephalon
“nearest to the PNS where the
axons are more likely to be
MYELinated”
What does the telencephalon develop into in the mature brain?
cerebral hemispheres
“in order to have a mature TELephone conversation you need your cerebral hemispheres”
What does the diencephalon develop into in the mature brain?
the diencephalon
“TWO eyes come from here as well as TWO other things:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus”
What does the mesencephalon develop into in the mature brain?
midbrain
“mes = mid”
What does the metencephalon develop into in the mature brain?
pons and cerebellum (of the brain stem)
What does the myelencephalon develop into in the mature brain?
medulla oblongata (of the brain stem)
what are the names of the bones of:
1) the upper jaw
2) the lower jaw
upper jaw = maxilla
lower jaw = mandible
what is the name of the bone that makes up most of the cheek bone and outer part of the eye socket?
zygomatic bone
where is the occipital bone?
back of the skull (cover the occipital lobe)
what is the scientific name for where the ear canal enters the skull?
external acoustic meatus opening
what is the bone on the side of the skull called?
and what does it enclose?
temporal bone
encloses the small bones of the ear
where is the external occipital protuberance?
and why is important?
a bony lump of the back of the skull on the occipital bone
it is a site of muscle attachment to the back, allowing tilting of the head back and forewords
where does the motor part of the facial nerves come through?
styloMASTOID foramen
“you need motor facial nerves in order to accomplish MASTIcation”
what is the hole where the spinal cord and brainstem go through called?
foramen magnum
what are tracts? (white matter)
location of a pathway
What is a commisure? (white matter)
tract connecting hemispheres
what is a lemnisucs? (white matter)
narrow strip of fibres
what is a funiculus? white matter
rope or cord
what is a fasiculus? white matter
a bundle
what is a capsule? white matter
a sheet of white matter fibres which borders a nucleus (grey matter)
what is a column? white matter
longitudinally running fibres, are separated by other structures
what is a peduncle? white matter
stem or stalk containing axons which connects different parts of the CNS
what is a cortex? grey matter
laminated grey matter on outside of the brain
what is nuclei? grey matter
collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS
what is a ganglia? grey matter
a collection of cell bodies within the PNS
and some in the CNS which have a capsule - e.g. basal ganglia
what does reticular mean?
netlike arrangement, where white and grey matter mix
eg reticular formation of brain stem
what does the frontal lobe control?
- decision making
- skilled voluntary movements
what does the parietal lobe control?
- perception of body
- visuospatial localisation
what does the temporal lobe control?
- auditory perception
- cognition
- memory
what does the occipital lobe control?
- visual perception
how is the cerebellum attached to the rest of the brain?
via three pairs of cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle and inferior)
The anterior spinal artery is a branch off which artery?
vertebral
The dural infolding that passes between the cerebellum and the cerebrum is called the…
tentorium cerebelli
Which dural venous sinus is located within the inferior edge of the falx cerebri?
inferior sagittal sinus
A patient is concerned with their hearing and sometimes fails to recognise familiar tastes. He is also unstable when he gets out of bed. If cranial nerves are responsible for these symptoms, where is the most likely location?
Lateral pontomedullary junction
Which pair of arteries enter the skull via the foramen magnum?
vertebral
which nerve innervates the pectorals minor?
medial pectoral nerve
The ciliary ganglion receives autonomic fibres from which cranial nerve?
3 (occular motor)
The basilar artery bifurcates at the junction between the:
pons and midbrain
what causes children to be born without limbs?
an earlyfailure of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the limb bud
The progress zone has failed to develop
In animal models, early removal of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)induces similar limbabnormalities
what does sonic hedgehog (Shh) do? and where is it expressed?
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)is expressed in the ZPA and controls craniocaudalpatterning
craniocaudal patterning is what differentiates pinky/little toe from thumb/big toe.
“sonic is small and so acts on caudal end, inducing differentiation of pinky/little toe” (IS THIS CORRECT??)
In limb development, what are Wnt-7and Engrailed-1 involved in?
dorsoventral patterning
what does the progress zone do? in limb development
maintains the proximodistal outgrowth of limb
What happens in limb development if thalidomide is given to a pregnant woman?
It is a recognisedcauseof phocomelia
It is thought to inhibit angiogenesisin the developing limb
It affects normal FGF signalling in the developing limb
It cannot be safely given to pregnant women
what is phocomelia?
a rare congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are attached close to the trunk, the limbs being grossly underdeveloped or absent. This condition was a side effect of the drug thalidomide taken during early pregnancy.
