Control 1

Question 1

What are the main lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 1

• frontal
• temporal
• parietal
• occipital

Question 2

What are the names of the grooves/pits and folds in the brain?

Answer 2

groove/pit: sulcus (pl. sulci)
fold: gyrus (pl. gyri)

“if you SULK, the you’re feeling down in a PIT”

Question 3

What does the precentral gyrus do? and where is it in the brain?

Answer 3

• gives rise to every motor neurone to every muscle (except muscles of the eye)
• anterior to the central sulcus

Question 4

what does the postcentral gyrus do? and where is it in the brain?

Answer 4

• receives every bit of sensation from every bit of skin in the body
• posterior to the central sulcus

Question 5

what are grey matter and white matter mostly made up of?

Answer 5

grey matter: cell bodies

white matter: axons (covered in fatty WHITE myelin)

Question 6

what does the calcimine sulcus do? and where is it?

Answer 6

• processes vision

- most posterior part of the brain, in the occipital lobe

Question 7

what are the 3 areas of the brain stem? from most superior to most posterior

Answer 7

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 8

where does the vagus nerve originate from?

Answer 8

medulla oblongata (of the brain stem)

it’s the 10th cranial nerve (X)

Question 9

what part of the brain helps coordinate movement?

Answer 9

the cerebellum

Question 10

what is the bundle of nerves that connect the two hemispheres called?

Answer 10

corpus collosum

Question 11

what is the junction of the parietal and occipital lobes called?

Answer 11

parietal occipital sulcus

Question 12

what does the thalamus do?

Answer 12

a relay station

- projects stuff from PNS to cerebral hemispheres and vice versa

Question 13

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 13

controls the ANS

- links endocrine system to cerebrum

Question 14

what nervous structure sits at the top of the nasal cavities?

Answer 14

olfactory bulbs

Question 15

what sections (primary brain vesicles) does the neural tube divide into?

Answer 15

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord

Question 16

what are the scientific names of the the 3 primary brain vesicles of the embryonic brain

Answer 16

forebrain = PROSencephalon
“PRO is best part and so comes first”

midbrain = MESencephalon
“MES mean MIDdle”

hindbrain = RHOMBencephalon
“RHOMB is like RUMP which another name for your beHIND”

Question 17

What sections (secondary brain vesicles) do the 3 parts of the embryonic brain split into?

and which of these new parts does the optic vesicles (future eyes) originate from?

Answer 17

prosencephalon –> TELencephalon
“if you do something bad you
TELL someone FIRST”
–> DIencephalon
“DI = 2, your two eyes come
from here”

mesencephalon –> stays the same!!

rhombencephalon –> METencephalon
“where the hindbrain MEETs
midbrain”
–> MYELencephalon
“nearest to the PNS where the
axons are more likely to be
MYELinated”

Question 18

What does the telencephalon develop into in the mature brain?

Answer 18

cerebral hemispheres

“in order to have a mature TELephone conversation you need your cerebral hemispheres”

Question 19

What does the diencephalon develop into in the mature brain?

Answer 19

the diencephalon

“TWO eyes come from here as well as TWO other things:

• thalamus
• hypothalamus”

Question 20

What does the mesencephalon develop into in the mature brain?

Answer 20

midbrain

“mes = mid”

Question 21

What does the metencephalon develop into in the mature brain?

Answer 21

pons and cerebellum (of the brain stem)

Question 22

What does the myelencephalon develop into in the mature brain?

Answer 22

medulla oblongata (of the brain stem)

Question 23

what are the names of the bones of:

1) the upper jaw
2) the lower jaw

Answer 23

upper jaw = maxilla

lower jaw = mandible

Question 24

what is the name of the bone that makes up most of the cheek bone and outer part of the eye socket?

Answer 24

zygomatic bone

Question 25

where is the occipital bone?

Answer 25

back of the skull (cover the occipital lobe)

Question 26

what is the scientific name for where the ear canal enters the skull?

Answer 26

external acoustic meatus opening

Question 27

what is the bone on the side of the skull called? and what does it enclose?

Answer 27

temporal bone encloses the small bones of the ear

Question 28

where is the external occipital protuberance? and why is important?

Answer 28

a bony lump of the back of the skull on the occipital bone it is a site of muscle attachment to the back, allowing tilting of the head back and forewords

Question 29

where does the motor part of the facial nerves come through?

Answer 29

styloMASTOID foramen "you need motor facial nerves in order to accomplish MASTIcation"

Question 30

what is the hole where the spinal cord and brainstem go through called?

Answer 30

foramen magnum

Question 31

what are tracts? (white matter)

Answer 31

location of a pathway

Question 32

What is a commisure? (white matter)

Answer 32

tract connecting hemispheres

Question 33

what is a lemnisucs? (white matter)

Answer 33

narrow strip of fibres

Question 34

what is a funiculus? white matter

Answer 34

rope or cord

Question 35

what is a fasiculus? white matter

Answer 35

a bundle

Question 36

what is a capsule? white matter

Answer 36

a sheet of white matter fibres which borders a nucleus (grey matter)

Question 37

what is a column? white matter

Answer 37

longitudinally running fibres, are separated by other structures

Question 38

what is a peduncle? white matter

Answer 38

stem or stalk containing axons which connects different parts of the CNS

Question 39

what is a cortex? grey matter

Answer 39

laminated grey matter on outside of the brain

Question 40

what is nuclei? grey matter

Answer 40

collection of nerve cell bodies within CNS

Question 41

what is a ganglia? grey matter

Answer 41

a collection of cell bodies within the PNS | and some in the CNS which have a capsule - e.g. basal ganglia

Question 42

what does reticular mean?

Answer 42

netlike arrangement, where white and grey matter mix eg reticular formation of brain stem

Question 43

what does the frontal lobe control?

Answer 43

- decision making | - skilled voluntary movements

Question 44

what does the parietal lobe control?

Answer 44

- perception of body | - visuospatial localisation

Question 45

what does the temporal lobe control?

Answer 45

- auditory perception - cognition - memory

Question 46

what does the occipital lobe control?

Answer 46

- visual perception

Question 47

how is the cerebellum attached to the rest of the brain?

Answer 47

via three pairs of cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle and inferior)

Question 48

The anterior spinal artery is a branch off which artery?

Answer 48

vertebral

Question 49

The dural infolding that passes between the cerebellum and the cerebrum is called the...

Answer 49

tentorium cerebelli

Question 50

Which dural venous sinus is located within the inferior edge of the falx cerebri?

Answer 50

inferior sagittal sinus

Question 51

A patient is concerned with their hearing and sometimes fails to recognise familiar tastes. He is also unstable when he gets out of bed. If cranial nerves are responsible for these symptoms, where is the most likely location?

Answer 51

Lateral pontomedullary junction

Question 52

Which pair of arteries enter the skull via the foramen magnum?

Answer 52

vertebral

Question 53

which nerve innervates the pectorals minor?

Answer 53

medial pectoral nerve

Question 54

The ciliary ganglion receives autonomic fibres from which cranial nerve?

Answer 54

3 (occular motor)

Question 55

The basilar artery bifurcates at the junction between the:

Answer 55

pons and midbrain

Question 56

what causes children to be born without limbs?

Answer 56

an early failure of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the limb bud The progress zone has failed to develop In animal models, early removal of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) induces similar limb abnormalities

Question 57

what does sonic hedgehog (Shh) do? and where is it expressed?

Answer 57

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the ZPA and controls craniocaudal patterning craniocaudal patterning is what differentiates pinky/little toe from thumb/big toe. "sonic is small and so acts on caudal end, inducing differentiation of pinky/little toe" (IS THIS CORRECT??)

Question 58

In limb development, what are Wnt-7 and Engrailed-1 involved in?

Answer 58

dorsoventral patterning

Question 59

what does the progress zone do? in limb development

Answer 59

maintains the proximodistal outgrowth of limb

Question 60

What happens in limb development if thalidomide is given to a pregnant woman?

Answer 60

It is a recognised cause of phocomelia It is thought to inhibit angiogenesis in the developing limb It affects normal FGF signalling in the developing limb It cannot be safely given to pregnant women

Question 61

what is phocomelia?

Answer 61

a rare congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are attached close to the trunk, the limbs being grossly underdeveloped or absent. This condition was a side effect of the drug thalidomide taken during early pregnancy.