Movement- Exam 1 Flashcards
(T/F) movement is a major component that supports our learning and growing as occupational beings.
True. We grow as occupational beings through interaction with our environment. It directs us to the occupations we choose
(T/F) learning takes place on a “body level” as well as a “cognitive” level. It’s process can be largely unconscious.
True
Motor development
Changes in abilities that occur throughout the lifespan
Motor development measured in
Years
Motor control
Moment to moment changes that you make in movement
Motor learning
Refining and improving movement resulting from experience and practice that can be generalized in new tasks and situations
A common connector between motor development, learning, and control is…
The nervous system
Early theories of motor control
Mirrored the development of the nervous system
Early theories of motor learning
Change in brain physiology = change in movement
Theories of motor control
Reflex Hierarchical Feedback Programming Systems
Reflex theory of motor control
- Movement is the summation of sensory input to the CNS and the CNS controls the execution of movement based on the sensory feedback it receives
- reflex chaining is a basis for action
Problems with reflex theory of motor control
How does movement occur in the absence of stimuli?
How does movement change in response to the same stimulus?
Hierarchical model of motor control
There is a hierarchy of control in the nervous system
- spinal cord = fast reflexes
- brain stem = postural reflexes
- mid brain = righting
- cortex = volitional and equilibrium
Problems with feedback model
Does not explain novel movements or how we perform without any feedback
Feedback model of motor control
Feedback is the sensory and perceptual info received as a result of movement (during and after)
- provides a way of understanding self control
- provides a way for learning new skills
Problems with feedback model of motor control
Does not explain anticipatory movement
Programming theory of motor control
- movement as a result of reflex, sensory input, or higher level function
- schemas are built as movement is paired with sensory (sensorimotor and limbic systems)
- used for making motor maps/schemas
System model of motor control
Development is a result of interaction between all parts of the system- the person, task, and environment
-4 assumptions
4 assumptions of systems theory of motor control
- Every action requires cooperation of numerous systems
- sensory
- perceptual
- cardiovascular
- pulmonary - Systems are self-organizing (4 principles)
- Component structures and skill processes develop in an asynchronous, nonlinear manner
- Shifts from moving one way to another are discontinuous
4 principles of self organization (systems theory of motor control)
- Self organizing permits true novelty
- Self organizing systems become more complex
- Reorganization comes after or during a period of instability
- Self organization systems are both sensitive to change and inherently stable
Theories of motor development
Hierarchical-maturational
Cognitive-perceptual
Systems
Interactionism
Hierarchical-maturational theory of motor development
Motor development comes from corticalization of the CNS
- reciprocal interweaving
- higher levels of control over lower level reflexes
Cognitive-perceptual (ecological) model of motor development
Sensation and active exploration of environment
-sensation as feedback
Systems theory of motor development
Everything is happening at once in an interdependent way
