Learning

Question 1

training

Answer 1

person is provided with solutions to problems

• short term
• “water to ice”

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

person is encouraged to find own solution

-“hard boiling an egg”

Question 3

how is motor learning stored

Answer 3

sensory information in association with motor activity

Question 4

types of learning

Answer 4

nonassociative

associative

Question 5

nonassociative learning

Answer 5

single stimulus given repeatedly

• habituation
• sensitization

Question 6

habituation

Answer 6

decrease in behavior

Question 7

sensitization

Answer 7

increased responsiveness

Question 8

associative learning

Answer 8

pairing of stimuli

ideas are associated to help the learner perceive and then establish casual relationships in the context

Question 9

methods of associative learning

Answer 9

implicit/procedural

explicit/declarative

Question 10

implicit/procedural learning

Answer 10

happens automatically without any conscious thought
happens over time and with practice
you can do it but can’t explain how you are doing it
“cerebellar circuits”

Question 11

explicit/declarative learning

Answer 11

conscious process
results in knowledge that can be expressed consciously
can attend to more than one thing
temoral and hippocampal areas

Question 12

Fitts and Posner’s stages of motor learning

Answer 12

cognitive phase
associative phase
autonomous phase

Question 13

cognitive phase of motor learning

Answer 13

high degree of consciousness required
searching for best strategy
high degree of attention to regulatory conditions and degree of movement and motor control
-trial & error

Question 14

associative phase of motor learning

Answer 14

learner has picked best strategy and is beginning to refine it
uses feedback to make refinements
switches from what to do to how to do

Question 15

autonomous phase of motor learning

Answer 15

automatic learning

Question 16

discrete motor tasks

Answer 16

clear beginning and end points

-put a glass on a shelf

Question 17

serial motor tasks

Answer 17

sum of parts equals whole

-put a shirt on

Question 18

continuous motor tasks

Answer 18

arbitrary beginning and end points

-running

Question 19

acquisition

Answer 19

initial practice of performance

Question 20

retention

Answer 20

being able to perform skill after it has not been practiced for some time

Question 21

transfer

Answer 21

performing a skill similar in movement to the first skill, but different than the original task

Question 22

consistency

Answer 22

repeatability of performance

Question 23

flexibility

Answer 23

transferability

Question 24

efficiency

Answer 24

optimal moement in relation to cardiovascular and muscle efficiency

Question 25

types of intervention at cognitive phase of learning

Answer 25

``` demonstration verbal instructions manual guidance and facilitation closed environment structured practice mental practice ```

Question 26

types of intervention at associative phase

Answer 26

``` decreased extrinsic feedback intervene only when errors become consistent no manual guidance demonstration still helpful gradually make environment more open ```

Question 27

types of intervention at autonomous phase

Answer 27

encourage practice until spatial and temporal components highly organized, consistent, and refined practice in variety of environments problem solve

Question 28

Gentile's 1st stage of motor learning

Answer 28

develop understanding of task trial and error develops framework for organizing effective movement

Question 29

Gentile's 2nd stage of motor learning

Answer 29

improve and refine movement skill develop capacity to adapt the movement in different environment consistency of performance efficient performance

Question 30

whole practice

Answer 30

rapid skills of short duration decreased cognitive processing pre-requisite skills have been learned

Question 31

part practice

Answer 31

slower, longer, serial tasks | be careful-can interfere with learning

Question 32

constant practice

Answer 32

practice task repeatedly

Question 33

variable

Answer 33

practice several variations of same/similar task | superior long term effects

Question 34

massed practice

Answer 34

lots of practice with little rest

Question 35

distributive practice

Answer 35

equal practice/rest times