Movement Analysis

Question 1

Fulcrum

Answer 1

The part of a lever system that pivots; joints are the fulcrums in the body’s lever systems.

Question 2

Resistance

Answer 2

The load to be moved by a lever system; usually this involves weight when the body’s lever systems are involved.

Question 3

Effort

Answer 3

The force applied to move the resistance or weight; in the body, the effort is provided by muscles exerting a force.

Question 4

First class lever

Answer 4

Found at the elbow joint, where the triceps causes extension of the lower arm.

Question 5

Second class lever

Answer 5

Found at the ankle, where the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion.

Question 6

Third class lever

Answer 6

The majority of the body’s joints act as third class levers; for example, the biceps acting at the elbow to cause flexion acts as a third class lever system.

Question 7

Mechanical advantage

Answer 7

The benefit to a lever system of having either a short effort arm - giving rapid movements over a large range of movement - or a short resistance arm - giving the advantage of being able to move a heavy weight.

Question 8

Agonist

Answer 8

The prime mover - muscle that causes movement.

Question 9

Antagonist

Answer 9

Muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract.

Question 10

Isotonic

Answer 10

Muscle action where the muscle changes length - causes movement.

Question 11

Isometric

Answer 11

Muscle action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balances.

Question 12

Concentric

Answer 12

Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens.

Question 13

Eccentric

Answer 13

Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens - used to control downward movements.

Question 14

Sagittal plane and transverse axis

Answer 14

Plane and axis for forwards and backwards movements - direction for extension and flexion.

Question 15

Frontal plane and sagittal axis

Answer 15

Plane and axis for side to side movements - direction for abduction and adduction.

Question 16

Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

Answer 16

Plane and axis for rotating movements - direction for rotations and spins.

Question 17

Deltoid

Answer 17

Muscle causing flexion and abduction at the shoulder.

Question 18

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 18

Muscle causing extension and adduction at the shoulder.

Question 19

Biceps

Answer 19

Muscle causing flexion at the elbow.

Question 20

Triceps

Answer 20

Muscle causing extension at the elbow.

Question 21

Hamstrings

Answer 21

Group of muscles causing flexion at the knee.

Question 22

Quadriceps

Answer 22

Group of muscles causing extension at the knee.

Question 23

Hip flexors

Answer 23

Main agonists at the hip during hip flexion.

Question 24

Gluteals

Answer 24

Main agonists at the hip during hip extension.

Question 25

Tibialis anterior

Answer 25

Muscle causing dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Question 26

Gastrocnemius

Answer 26

Muscle causing plantar flexion at the ankle.

Question 27

Rotator cuff

Answer 27

Group of muscles causing rotation at the shoulder.