Movement

Question 1

Afferent neurone

Answer 1

sensory /input neurone

Question 2

Efferent neurone

Answer 2

Output

Question 3

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 3

For movement in distal (distant) part of the limbs

Question 4

Anterier corticospinal tract

Answer 4

For movement in skeletal muscles in the trunk and proximal (central) parts of the limbs

Question 5

spinal chord

Answer 5

distributes motor fibers to the effect

collect sensory information from the effectors, send it to the brain

protescted by vertebraes

Question 6

Motor cortex

Answer 6

The motor cortex and adjacent regions are highly interconnected areas of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe, as discussed in Chapter 12, is involved in the planning and execution of complex voluntary movements.

Question 7

Lateral Pathway

Answer 7

Voluntary movement

Question 8

Premotor cortex

Answer 8

The premotor cortex receives widespread multisensory input from the parietal lobes and motivational input from the prefrontal cortex

Within the premotor cortex there is an area that has been identified to contain mirror neurons

Question 9

supplementary motor area

Answer 9

The SMA receives input from the basal ganglia (see below) and modulates the primary motor cortex. The SMA has numerous proposed functions, e.g. coordination of the sequence of actions (e.g. Gerloff et al., 1997), modulation of the interaction of limbs to form a sequence of behaviour and inter hemispheric communication

Question 10

Cingulate motor area

Answer 10

The cingulate motor area has been associated with reward information and the selection of motor acts to obtain a goal (Shima & Tanji, 1998

Question 11

Brocas area

Answer 11

Brocas area associated with the generation of speech. Speech motor control includes approximately 100 muscles of diff erent types with neural information arriving via the cranial nerves (see Box 11.1).

Question 12

Frontal eye fields

Answer 12

Stimulation of the frontal eye fi elds produces saccadic eye movements in monkeys (Robinson & Fuchs, 1969). The frontal eye fi elds control visual attention and eye movements, permitting orientation to a stimulus (Schall, 2004) and following of a stimulus

Question 13

Basal Ganglia

Answer 13

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical structures that receive information from the cortex and loop back to the cortex. There are a number of routes through the basal ganglia, but essentially, they all start at the SMA and go back to the cortex via the thalamus.

Question 14

Cerebellum

Answer 14

The cerebellum receives sensory input and information from the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems emanating from the cortex and is important in modifying fi ne motor movement, posture and the learning of new motor sequences.

Question 15

Brainstem

Answer 15

The brainstem is the fi nal stage within the brain before the neurons descend the spinal cord on their way to their fi nal destination. The red nucleus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus can be seen in the portions of the brainstem