Gender

Question 1

Male Gametes

Answer 1

XY

Question 2

Female gametes

Answer 2

XX

Question 3

SRY Gene

Answer 3

Found only in Y chromosomes

Testis-determining factor

Controls development of gonads and related hormones

Question 4

What is Endocrinology

Answer 4

The study of hormone and glandular abnormalities - diabetes, thyroid problems etc

Question 5

Sex hormones

Answer 5

Androgens - Male
-Testosterone

Estrogens - females
-Estradiol

Both are steroid hormones

Question 6

Difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones

Answer 6

Steroid hormones can enter the cell

Non-steroid hormones cannot enter the cell - instead they bond to the a receptor protein in the cell membrane

Question 7

Three categories of sex organs

Answer 7

Gonads: Ovaries or Testis

Internal sex organs (Mullerian system and Wolffian system)

External genitalia (vagina, penis, scrotum, clitoris etc.)

Question 8

Female embryonic sexual development

Answer 8

Primordial gonads develop into ovaries

Mullerian system develops into fimbriae, fallopian tubes, uterus, inner vagina

Wolffian system, without androgens, withers away

Primordial external genitalia develop into clitoris, labia, outer vagina

Question 9

Male embryonic sexual development

Answer 9

Primordial gonads develop into testes

Mullerian system withers away

Wolffian system develops into vas deferens, seminal vesicles , prostate

Primordial external genitalia develop into penis and scrotum

Question 10

Gonadotropin hormones

Answer 10

Stimulates the gonads

Question 11

Activating effects - Oxytocin

Answer 11

Women have highest oxytocin during pregnancy

Given oxytocin vs placebo:
More accurate in recognising faces
Quicker in recognising pleasant social relationship words

Enhance trust/like towards someone already known

Question 12

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 12

Lack of androgen receptors -develop as in testosterone was low

Question 13

Persistent mullerian duct syndrome

Answer 13

Lack of anti-mullerian hormone or receptors

In genetic male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

Question 14

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 14

1/2000

Lack of ovaries - other sex organs normal

Oestrogen pills induce puberty and sexual maturation

Incomplete development - absence of menstrual period

Question 15

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 15

XXY

Question 16

XXX and XYY

Answer 16

CYY
More physically active as children
Delayed emotional maturity

Question 17

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 17

A blockage in making cortisol

Adrenal gland and pituitary gland - negative feedback

Question 18

Why might a baby be misgendered at birth ?

Answer 18

Some genetically boys, due to lack of an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is more effective in masculinizing the external genitals, at birth, they look like girls

Question 19

Mullerian ducts

Answer 19

The müllerian ducts are the primordial anlage of the female reproductive tract. They differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, the uterine cervix, and the superior aspect of the vagina.

Question 20

Wolffian ducts

Answer 20

Wolffian ducts (WDs) are the embryonic structures that form the male internal genitalia. These ducts develop in both the male and female embryo. However, in the female they subsequently regress, whereas in the male they are stabilised by testosterone.