Movement (145-166)

Question 1

Final common pathway

Answer 1

Skeletal muscles can only be reach through the spinal or brainstem motoneuron.

Question 2

Somatotopy

Answer 2

Topography in the somatosensory and motor system

Question 3

Intrafusal fiber

Answer 3

A modified muscle fiber in the muscle spindle

Question 4

Extrafusal fiber

Answer 4

Muscle fibers outside the muscle spindle

Question 5

Annulospiral ending

Answer 5

The terminal of the Ia fiber on the intrafusal fiber

Question 6

Miotatic reflex (stretch reflex)

Answer 6

A monosynaptic reflex starting from the muscle spindle and causing contraction of the muscle on stretching

Question 7

Inverse miotatic reflex (tendon reflex)

Answer 7

A bisynaptic reflect starting from the tendon organ; it protects the muscle and tendon by relaxing the muscle when extreme tension develops.

Question 8

Motor unit

Answer 8

A collection of muscle fibers innervated by the same motoneuron.

Question 9

Motoneuron pool

Answer 9

A collection of motoneurons innervating muscle units in the same muscle.

Question 10

Red muscle fiber

Answer 10

Muscle fiber characterized by good blood supply, many mitochondria, high myoglobin content and slow fatigue.

Question 11

White muscle fiber

Answer 11

Muscle fiber characterized by few mitochondria, low myoglobin content, quick fatigue, but very fast contraction.

Question 12

Renshaw neuron

Answer 12

Inhibitory neuron in the spinal cord, excited by a collateral of the alpha motoneuron and providing negative feedback to the motoneuron.

Question 13

Decerebrate rigidity

Answer 13

Increase of the muscle tone caused by the transection of the brain stem above the Deiter´s nucleus.

Question 14

Muscle tone

Answer 14

Continuous, slight contraction of the skeletal muscles important in the maintenance of the posture.

Question 15

Purkinje neuron

Answer 15

GABAergic inhibitory neuron providing the main output of the cerebellum

Question 16

Deep cerebellar nucleus

Answer 16

Most of the cerebellar Purkinje cells project through these nuclei to other parts of the brain.

Question 17

Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

Answer 17

The most ancient part of the cerebellum. Its input comes from the vestibular organ, and its main function is to keep posture and balance.

Question 18

Spinocerebellum (Paleocerebellum)

Answer 18

Consists of the vermis and the intermediate part of the hemispheres. It monitors the execution of motor commands issues by the cortex.

Question 19

Cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

Answer 19

The newest part of the cerebellum, consisting of the lateral part of the hemispheres. It plays a role in the learning, starting and stoping movements.

Question 20

Basal ganglia

Answer 20

The collective name for subcortical nuclei involved in motor control.

Question 21

Parkinson´s disorder

Answer 21

A movement disorder caused by the insufficient production and release of dopamine in the neostriatum. It causes tremor and decreased initiation of movements.

Question 22

Huntington´s chorea

Answer 22

A genetic neurological disorder leading to loss of GABAergic and cholinergic cells in the neostratium, leading to jerky, random, uncontrollable movements.