Metabolism (52-78)

Question 1

Lipoprotein lipase

Answer 1

an enzyme in the capillary wall that catalyzed cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)

Question 2

Polyuria

Answer 2

The excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

Question 3

Polydipsia

Answer 3

Excessive thirst and water consumption

Question 4

Ketoacidosis

Answer 4

Acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus)

Question 5

Direct calorimetry

Answer 5

A measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter

Question 6

Indirect calorimetry

Answer 6

An estimation if the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air.

Question 7

Incretins

Answer 7

Intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

Question 8

Endogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 8

When the blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption

Question 9

Exogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 9

When the blood sugar level increases abnormal following carbohydrate consumption

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

A part of the intermediary metabolism, the syntheses of materials, building up the organisms own materials.

Question 11

Catabolism

Answer 11

A part of the intermediary metabolism, the breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually from producing or storing energy).

Question 12

Citric-acid cycle

Answer 12

(Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle)- The final breakdown of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation). The end-products are carbon dioxide and reduced co-enzymes.

Question 13

Cori-cycle

Answer 13

A procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is re-metabolized to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount.

Question 14

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

A disease that occurs due to the ineffectiveness or lack of the insulin hormone. Symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and over-drinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances.

Question 15

Pentose-phosphate cycle

Answer 15

An alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars and NADPH are formed

Question 16

Fatty-acid synthesis

Answer 16

An enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl co-enzyme-A (requires NADPH: a coenzyme)

Question 17

Glucogenic amino acids

Answer 17

Amino acids that can enter into the sugar metabolic pathways

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

A procedure in which the liver synthesized de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins)

Question 19

Glucolysis

Answer 19

A break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (coenzyme A) group.

Question 20

Hyperglycemia

Answer 20

Elevated blood-sugar level

Question 21

Hypoglycemia

Answer 21

Decreased blood-sugar level.

Question 22

Ketogenic amino-acids

Answer 22

Amino-acids with ketone.like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar metabolism.

Question 23

NAD (and NADH)

Answer 23

Co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle, and that carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 24

Lagerhans´islets

Answer 24

Hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas

Question 25

Lipolysis

Answer 25

The breaking down of neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol.

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorilation

Answer 26

Final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion: hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form og ATP.

Question 27

Respiratory quotient

Answer 27

The carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake.