Movement

Question 1

Three categories vertebrate muscles fall into.

Answer 1

Smooth Muscles
Skeletal/Striated Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

Question 2

Control movement of internal organs; found in the intestines and other organs; consists of long, thin cells.

Answer 2

Smooth Mucle

Question 3

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment; consist of long cylindrical fibers with stripes.

Answer 3

Skeletal/Striated Muscle

Question 4

Have properties intermediate those smooth and skeletal muscles; found in the heart; consist of fibers that fuse together at various points; because of these functions, cardiac muscles contract together, not independently.

Answer 4

Cardiac Muscles

Question 5

A synapse where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber.

Answer 5

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 6

Opposing set of muscles (flexor: muscle that flexes or raises it; extensor: muscle that extends or straightens)

Answer 6

Antagonistic Muscles

Question 7

An autoimmune disease, in that the immune system forms antibodies that attack the individual’s own body.

Answer 7

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 8

Produce fast contractions that fatigue quickly

Answer 8

Fast-Twitch Fibers

Question 9

Produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing

Answer 9

Slow-Twitch Fibers

Question 10

A receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body.

Answer 10

Proprioceptor

Question 11

A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch.

Answer 11

Muscle Spindle

Question 12

Responds to increase in muscle tension; located in the tendons at opposite ends of a muscle; it acts as a brake against excessively vigorous contraction.

Answer 12

Golgi Tendon Organ

Question 13

Consistent automatic responses to stimuli.

Answer 13

Reflex

Question 14

Particularly important for complex actions; an area where information from the senses are processed.

Answer 14

Cerebral Cortex

Question 15

Where all movements are controlled.

Answer 15

Medulla

Question 16

Has no direct connection to the muscles; some of its axons go to basal ganglia cells, which feedback to control later movements; some go to the brainstem and spinal cord, which have the central pattern generators to control the actual muscle movements.

Answer 16

Primary Motor Cortex

Question 17

Some neurons respond primarily to visual or somatosensory stimuli, some respond to a complicated mixture of the stimulus and the upcoming response.

Answer 17

Posterior Motor Complex

Question 18

The main receiving area for touch and other body information.

Answer 18

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 19

Responds to light, noises, and other sensory signals that lead to a movement.

Answer 19

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 20

Active during preparations for a movement and somewhat active during the movement itself.

Answer 20

Premotor Cortex

Question 21

Most active just before a rapid series of movements in a particular order.

Answer 21

Supplementary Cortex

Question 22

A set of axons from the primary motor cortex and its surround, and from the red nucleus, a midbrain primarily responsible for control of arm muscles.

Answer 22

Dorsolateral Tract

Question 23

Includes axons from the primary cortex and from many parts of cortex.

Answer 23

Ventromedial Tract

Question 24

Lack of voluntary movement in part of the body. Caused by the damage to spinal cord motor neuron or their axon.

Answer 24

Paralysis

Question 25

Loss sensation and voluntary muscle control in both legs. Reflexes remain. Although no messages pass between the brain and the genitals, the genitals still respond reflexively to touch. Paraplegics have no genital sensation but they can still experience orgasm.

Answer 25

Paraplegia

Question 26

Loss of sensation and muscle control in all four extremities.

Answer 26

Quadriplegia

Question 27

Loss of sensation and muscle control in the arm and leg on one side.

Answer 27

Hemiplegia

Question 28

Impaired sensation in the legs and pelvic region, impaired leg reflexes and walking, loss of bladder and bowel movement.

Answer 28

Tabes Dorsalis

Question 29

Paralysis, caused by virus that damages cell bodies of motor neurons.

Answer 29

Poliomyelitis

Question 30

Gradual weakness and paralysis, starting with the arms and later spreading to the legs. Both motor neurons and axons from the brain to the motor neurons are destroyed.

Answer 30

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Question 31

Important for motor control, including learned responses. Contains more neurons that the rest of the brain combines, and some of those neurons have broad branching with an enormous number of connections.

Answer 31

Cerebellum

Question 32

Group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus); each of these areas exchanges information with the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

Answer 32

Basal Ganglia

Question 33

Areas that receive input from the sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.

Answer 33

Caudate Nucleus and Putamen

Question 34

The output area, sending information to the thalamus, which in return sends it to the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 34

Globus Pallidus

Question 35

Characterized by impaired initiation of activity, slow and inaccurate movements, tremor, rigidity, depression, and cognitive deficits.

Answer 35

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 36

A hereditary condition marked by deterioration of motor control as well as depression, memory, impairment, and other cognitive disorders; age of onset is usually between 30 and 50.

Answer 36

Huntington’s Disease