Development of the Brain and Plasticity After Brain Damage

Question 1

The fluid inside the cavity of the neural cavity.

Answer 1

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 2

Average human brain weight at birth.

Answer 2

350 grams

Question 3

Human brain weight at the end of the first year.

Answer 3

1000 grams

Question 4

Average weight of adult brain.

Answer 4

1200 - 1400 grams

Question 5

It is the process of production of new cells. Is is where the cells line the ventricles of the brain to divide.

Answer 5

Proliferation

Question 6

Different kinds of neurons originate in different locations at different times and each must migrate substantial distances, following specific chemical paths, to reach its final destination.

Answer 6

Migration

Question 7

The process wherein neurons differentiate, forming axons and dendrites that provide distinctive shapes.

Answer 7

Differentiation

Question 8

A process in which cells produces insulating fatty sheaths that increase transmission speed.

Answer 8

Myelination

Question 9

The formation of synapses, this process continues throughout life and the process fails if the chemical environment is not quite right.

Answer 9

Synaptogenesis

Question 10

A chemical that is essential synaptogenesis.

Answer 10

Cholesterol

Question 11

Chemicals that promotes the survival and activity of the neurons. If neurons don’t receive enough of this chemical, they will die.

Answer 11

Neutrophins

Question 12

2 Kinds of Neutrophins

Answer 12

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Question 13

A programed mechanism of cell death; the loss of cells in a particular area can indicate that important maturational changes are occurring.

Answer 13

Apoptosis

Question 14

A protein that is delivered by the muscles during the formation of synapse.

Answer 14

Nerve Growth Factor

Question 15

Why does the developing CNS produce so many neurons?

Answer 15

Allows for error correction
Enable the CNS to match the number of incoming axons to the number of receiving cells

Question 16

A growing axon follows a path of cell-surface molecule, attracted by some chemicals and repelled by others, in a process that steers the axon in the correct direction.

Answer 16

Chemical Pathfinding

Question 17

A principle which suggests that synapses form haphazardly, and then a selection process keeps some and rejects others.

Answer 17

Neural Darwisnism

Question 18

Because of the unpredictability of life, our brain evolved the ability to redesign themselves in response to experience.

Answer 18

Fine Tuning by Experience

Question 19

Causes of Brain Damage

Answer 19

Tumors
Infection
Exposure to Radiation or Toxic Substances
Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Closed Head injury

Question 20

Occurs when an artery to the brain becomes blocked or ruptures, resulting in death of an area of the brain tissue due to loss of its blood supply (cerebral infarction) and causing sudden symptoms

Answer 20

Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)

Question 21

The region that surrounds the immediate damage.

Answer 21

Penumbra

Question 22

An abnormal infiltration and excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity.

Answer 22

Edema

Question 23

Types of Stroke

Answer 23

Ischemia
Hemorrhage

Question 24

Caused when a blood clot or other obstruction closes an artery. Cells in the penumbra are deprived of blood.

Answer 24

Ischemia

Question 25

Caused when an artery ruptures. Cells in the penumbra are flooded with blood and its excess oxygen, calcium, and other products.

Answer 25

Hemorrhage

Question 26

A drug that breaks up blood clots.

Answer 26

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Question 27

A drug that blocks one type of Glutamate receptor.

Answer 27

MK-801

Question 28

A cooled brain has less activity, lower energy needs, and less risk of overstimulation than does a brain at a normal temperature.

Answer 28

Cooling the Brain

Question 29

The decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged.

Answer 29

Diaschisis

Question 30

Recovery is more extensive after youthful brain damage than after similar damage later.

Answer 30

Kennard Principle (Margaret Kennard)

Question 31

By helping brain-damaged patients into practicing their impaired skills instead of ignoring them.

Answer 31

Behavioral Interventions

Question 32

A drug that prevents calcium from entering cells

Answer 32

Nimodipine

Question 33

Promote the restoration of damaged brains

Answer 33

Gangliosides

Question 34

Replacing dead cells with healthy ones from a donor

Answer 34

Brain Grafts

Question 35

It refers to heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon.

Answer 35

Denervation Supersensitivity