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Neuroscience Core > Motor systems: the higher level > Flashcards

Motor systems: the higher level Flashcards

1
Q

what set of subcortical nuclei make up the basal ganglia?

A

the striatum, the subthalamic nucleus, the SN and the amygdala

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2
Q

what are the components of the striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

the putamen and caudate nucleus

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3
Q

information is drawn from all areas of the cortex to the basal ganglia via the

A

striatum

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4
Q

the striatum feeds information from the cortex to the

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

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5
Q

the globus pallidus is

A

an output target of the (striatum of the) basal ganglia

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6
Q

information from the globus pallidus and SN feed into which nucleus?

A

the ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus

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7
Q

information that has gone through the BG to the VA nucleus of the thalamus then feeds back into the

A

cortex

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8
Q

the information loop involving the cortex, BG and thalamus can be described as

A

reentrant as it then goes round again

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9
Q

what is the supplementary area concerned with?

A

movement planning and selection of motor programs

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10
Q

the fact that info is drawn from all areas of the cortex to the BG allow the BG to select programs according to all

A

sensory areas an behavioural needs

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11
Q

what are the 2 functions of the BG?

A
  1. selection of motor programs

2. appropriate scaling of programs and hence of muscular output

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12
Q

what are the 2 major classes of BG disorder?

A

Akinesia (because of failure to select motor program) and dyskinesia (because of inappropriate scaling/selection of programs)

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13
Q

akinesia is

A

decreased movement and rigidity, also referred to as parkinsonism

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14
Q

dyskinesia is

A

involuntary movement

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15
Q

what are the 5 main symptoms of parkinsonism

A
  1. shuffling/festinating gait
  2. tremor (increases with agitation)
  3. rigidity (due to increased muscular hypertonus)
  4. Akinesia
  5. bradykinesia
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16
Q

in parkinsons akinesia is seen especially in the

A

face, so is associated with an expresssionless face with reduced blinking

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17
Q

bradykinesia is

A

slowness of movement and inappropriate scaling of movements

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18
Q

inappropriate scaling of movements in parkinsons results in

A

the need for repeated agonist and antagonist activity to achieve simple movements, where normally a simple ag.–>antag.–>ag. (triphasic emg pattern) is used

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19
Q

the 5 parts of the BG involved in motor control are the

A
  1. putamen
  2. caudate nucleus
  3. globus pallidus
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. SN
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20
Q

the caudate nucleus and putamen are anatomically similar and so can be distinguished by

A

the fact that they are separated by the internal capsule

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21
Q

the globus pallidus can be separated into the

A
  1. GPe (external/lateral part)

2. GPi (internal/medial part)

22
Q

the SN can be divided into 2 parts:

A
  1. SNpc (pars compacta)

2. SNpr (pars reticulata)

23
Q

which of the 2 parts of the SN is darker?

A

the SNpc

24
Q

what are the 2 afferent projections into the striatum?

A

corticostriatal projection and thalamic projection

25
Q

the corticostriatal projection is organised

A

topographically (diff. areas of cortex project into diff. areas of striatum)

26
Q

projections from cortex to striatum come from which parts of the cortx?

A

all of them including ex visual, limbic, etc

27
Q

examples of the functions of the caudate nucleus:

A

eye movements and cognitive function

28
Q

examples of functions of the putamen:

A

general motor function and limbic function

29
Q

which parts of the putamen are associated with limbic function?

A

the most ventral parts

30
Q

where do fibres of the corticospinal tract terminate?

A

on distal parts of medium sized cells with spiny dendrites

31
Q

which cells make up 98% of striatal neurones?

A

the medium sized cells with spiny dendrites that the corticospinal fibres terminate on

32
Q

what is the NT used between the fibres of the corticostriatal projection and the dendrites on to which they terminate, and where do the latter receive input from?

A

glutamate, cortex and striatum

33
Q

which thalamic nuclei project into the basal ganglia?

A

intralaminar

34
Q

what is the thalamic projection of particular interest in motor control?

A

motor cortex to thalamic centromedian nucleus to putamen

35
Q

spiny neurones of the striatum project either to the :

A

globus pallidus or SNpr

36
Q

striatopallidal pathway=

A

striatum to globus pallidus

37
Q

striatonigral pathway=

A

striatum to SNpr

38
Q

how are the striatopallidal and striatonigral pathways organised?

A

topographically, so functional organisation is maintained in GP and SN

39
Q

the GPe inhibits the

A

subthalamic nucleus

40
Q

the GPi inhibits the

A

thalamus (ventrolateral and centromedial nuclei of)

41
Q

GPi inhibition of thalamus occurs in direct or indirect?

A

both

42
Q

GPe inhibition of STN occurs in direct or indirect?

A

indirect only

43
Q

the NT of striatum to GPi (in direct) is

A

GABA and substance P (inhib)

44
Q

the NT of striatum to GPe (in indirect) is

A

GABA and ekephalin (inhib)

45
Q

is the direct route excited by DA?

A

yes

46
Q

is the indirect route excited or inhib by DA?

A

inhib

47
Q

what is the effect of deplettion of DA on the routes through BG?

A

removes 1 excitatory from direct and removes 1 inhib from indirect

48
Q

whats the difference between direct and indirect routes of BG?

A

indirect has 1 more inhibitory neuron

49
Q

what does excitation of striatal neurones lead to?

A

inhibition of pallidal targets, and therefore disinhibition of thalamic targets, and therefore net excitation of cortex

50
Q

what does the thalamocortical projection allow the BG to do?

A

activate motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Neuroscience Core (12 decks)

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