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Cognitive Neuropsychology > Motor Systems > Flashcards

Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 subsystems and where are they in the brain

A

Lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem
Upper in cortex and brainstem
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia

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2
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex

A

Cortical source of movement signals sent to brainstem and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia

A

Initiation and inhibition of movements and reward based learning

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4
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculus

A

Control of eye movements

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5
Q

What is the role of the pre motor cortex

A

Motor planning and awareness of motor intentions

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6
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex

A

Production of internally generated sequences of movements

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7
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Coordination, error correction, and the learning of fine skilled movements

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8
Q

The premotor cortex is ______ to the primary cortex

A

Rostral

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9
Q

The cerebellum is ______ and _______ to the basal ganglia

A

Posterior and inferior

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10
Q

Is conscious control (inhibition) of a flexion reflex possible

A

Yes, if the intention not to respond was prepared in advance so the signal could be sent to the reflex pathway before the stimulus occurred, to inhibit it when it did occur.

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11
Q

What is an inverse model used for

A

Used to create motor plans.

Current position and desired position create a motor command.

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12
Q

What are forward models used for

A

Used to evaluate motor plans and action.

Current position and motor commands create a predicted position.

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13
Q

What is a feed forward controller used for

A

Direct motor command sent quickly to muscle

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14
Q

What is a feedback controller used for

A

Adjustment of movement based on errors evaluated by comparing the actual state to the desired state. Slower, but more accurate.

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15
Q

What does each hemisphere of the cortex control

A

The contralateral side of the body

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16
Q

What is a tuning curve

A

A curve to summarize response rates as a function of direction of movement

17
Q

What are the 4 intraparietal sulcus areas (IP)

A

Lateral IP
Ventral IP
Medial IP
Anterior IP

18
Q

What does the Lateral IP represent

A

Space for eye movements

19
Q

What does the Ventral IP represent

A

Space for facial movements

20
Q

What does the Medial IP represent

A

Space for arm movements

21
Q

What does the Anterior IP represent

A

Space for hand movements

22
Q

What is the direct pathway for motor initiation

A

Motor cortex –> striatum –> globus pallidus pars interna (GPi)/ substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) –> thalamus –> back to cortex

23
Q

What is the indirect pathway for motor initiation

A

Motor cortex –> striatum –> globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) –> subthalamic nucleus (STN) –> GPi/ SNr –> thalamus –> back to cortex

This pathway inhibits additional actions

24
Q

How does reinforced learning work

A

Unexpected rewards generate dopamine signals from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) which excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway.

25
Q

What models does the cerebellum use for online error correction and motor learning

A

The cerebellum uses a forward model to predict results of motor commands, and feedback control

26
Q

Local circuits in the spinal cord… (3)

A

Can control complex movements
Can respond to environmental changes
Do not require higher-level input

27
Q

What do lower motor neurons directly synapse to

A

Lower motor neurons directly synapse on muscle fibers

28
Q

What causes muscle fibers to contract

A

The release of neurotransmitters

29
Q

What do muscle spindles do

A

Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and send the changes back to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglia

30
Q

What does the supplementary motor area do

A

The supplementary motor area generates movements in the absence of explicit sensory cues (well-learned movements)

31
Q

What is the role of the parietal cortex

A

It is crucial for sensory-motor coordination

32
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of

A

3 nuclei: caudate & putamen (striatum) and globus pallidus
Plus: subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars compacta

Cognitive Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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