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Cognitive Neuropsychology > Long Term Memory > Flashcards

Long Term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What type of priming is responsible for false memory of lure words

A

Semantic priming

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2
Q

False memory for lure words is due to a failure of which memory process

A

Retrieval

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3
Q

What type of memory is primarily used to recall a list of words

A

Episodic

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4
Q

The false memory effects that occur in the DRM paradigm suggest what about episodic memory

A

Retrieving episodic memory is reconstructive, involving making a best hypothesis based on evidence from memory plus prior experience

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5
Q

What is encoding

A

Initial creation of memory traces in brain from incoming information

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6
Q

What is consolidation

A

Continued organization and stabilization of memory traces over time

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7
Q

What is storage

A

Retention of memory traces over time

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8
Q

What is retrieval

A

Accessing/ using stored information from memory traces

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9
Q

What 3 subsystems are part of nondeclarative (implicit) memory

A

Priming, skill learning, conditioning

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10
Q

What 2 subsystems are part of declarative (explicit) memory

A

Semantic and episodic memory

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11
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Memory loss affecting information acquired after damage

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12
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss affecting information acquired before damage

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13
Q

Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe leads to the loss of what kind of memory formation

A

Cannot form new declarative memories for events - anterograde

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14
Q

What does medial temporal lobe amnesia impair

A

Declarative memory

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15
Q

What does medial temporal lobe damage impair

A

Declarative memory but not working memory

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16
Q

Left temporoparietal damage impairs what

A

Working memory but not declarative

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17
Q

Occipital lobe damage impairs what

A

Nondeclarative but not declarative memory performance

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18
Q

What is priming

A

Change in processing a stimulus due to previous encounter with same or related stimulus

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19
Q

What is skill learning

A

Gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practice

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20
Q

What is conditioning

A

Simple responses to associations between stimuli

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21
Q

How can priming be measured

A

Increased probability of generating a particular stimulus, increased processing speed, and change in eye movement patterns

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22
Q

What is habituation

A

Reduced response to an unchanging stimulus

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23
Q

What is sensitization

A

Increased response to an unchanging stimulus

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24
Q

What is direct priming (i.e. Repetition priming)

A

Prime and target are the same

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25
Q

What is indirect priming and its most common form

A

Prime and target are different. Most common form is semantic priming (envelope and letter)

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26
Q

What are the 2 forms of direct priming

A

Perceptual and conceptual

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27
Q

What is conceptual priming

A

Cue and target are semantically or associatively related

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28
Q

What is perceptual priming

A

Cue and target are perceptually related

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29
Q

Does study-test format changes increase or decreased perceptual priming

A

Decrease

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30
Q

What is repetition suppression of perceptual priming

A

The reduction of neural responses within sensory cortices as a neural mechanism

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31
Q

What does the sharpening theory explain

A

How reduced neural activity leads to an enhanced processing of a stimulus

32
Q

What is the purpose of semantic priming

A

To facilitate everyday cognitive tasks like reading with comprehension

33
Q

Does Priming with pre-existing memory representations lead to modification and repetition suppression, or the creation and enhancement of representations

A

With preexisting, modification and suppression. Without leads to creation and enhancement

34
Q

Which brain region associates adaptation to novel sensory-motor relationships

A

The posterior parietal cortex

35
Q

Skill learning depends mostly on what brain area

A

The basal ganglia

36
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

An initially neutral condition stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response due to pairing an unconditioned stimulus which causes the reflex of an unconditioned response

37
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

The probability of a behavioural response is altered by associating a response with a reward or punishment

38
Q

Describe delay condition in classical conditioning

A

The air puff (US) occurs during the tone (CS)

39
Q

Describe trace conditioning in classical conditioning

A

The air puff (US) occurs after the tone (CS)

40
Q

What are the 2 main categories of operant conditioning

A

Goal directed actions driven by action-outcome possibilities

And stimulus driven habit driven by stimulus-response associations

41
Q

What brain region does action-outcome learning depend mostly on

A

The hippocampus (and some of the dorsal striatum)

42
Q

What brain region does stimulus-response learning mostly depend on

A

The dorsal striatum

43
Q

What brain region + type of learning does motor sequence learning depend on

A

The basal ganglia and reinforcement learning

44
Q

What is the sensory/functional theory for semantic memory

A

The organization of semantic representations based on relevant sensory and motor features
Eg. ‘Lick’ activates primary motor cortex region for ‘face’

45
Q

What is the domain-specific theory for semantic memory

A

Organization of semantic representations is based on semantic categories
Eg. Fruits and vegetables: Apple, orange, lettuce

46
Q

What is another name for an emgram

A

A memory trace: the physical and biochemical changes underlying memory storage in the brain

47
Q

How are engrams primarily defined

A

The connectivity of brain regions originally involved in processing the relevant category of info.
Eg. Visual info memory traces are stored mostly in the visual cortex

48
Q

What quote can sum up Hebbian Learning

A

Cells that fire together wire together. (How engrams are formed)

49
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

An increase in synaptic strength as a cellular mechanism of memory. Can be induced by high-frequency stimulation.

50
Q

What are the properties of Early LTP

A

Increased presynaptic release of neurotransmitter and

Increased number of postsynaptic receptors

51
Q

What are the properties of Late LTP

A

Increased number of dendritic spines and synapses

52
Q

What is Long Term Depression

A

When presynaptic action potential does not lead to postsynaptic action potential, connection is weakened. Specified to activated synapses

53
Q

What does it mean that long term potentiation shows associativity

A

Learning experiences can lead to long term increase in correlated firing among hippocampal neurons that were active during learning

54
Q

What 5 aspects does reconstruction/ retrieval of episodic memory rely on

A 
Memory trace
Genes
Past experience
Internal state
Environmental context
55
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of episodic memory

A

Recollection and familiarity

56
Q

Which brain region are critical to declarative memory

A

Medial temporal lobe regions because they serve as pointers to the locations of memory traces

57
Q

What are the 2 types of representations when encoding declarative memory

A

Distributed cortical traces and hippocampal indices

58
Q

Where are memory indices stored

A

The hippocampus

59
Q

Is it remote memories or recent memories that can bypass the hippocampus for retrieval

A

Remote memories because they only need the retrieval cue

60
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex during episodic encoding and retrieval

A

Executive control of memory processes, including goal maintenance and top-down attention

61
Q

What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex during episodic encoding and retrieval

A

Attention control during memory processes, including top-down and bottom-up attention

62
Q

What is the cognitive map theory (Medial Temporal Lobe role)

A

Memory for spatial relationships in the environment. Evidenced by ‘place cells’ that fire when an animal is in a particular location

63
Q

What is relational memory theory (medial temporal lobe role)

A

Memory for associations in general

64
Q

What happens to relationships across pairs (relational memory theory) when the Fornix is damaged

A

Single pairs are intact but relationships across pairs is disrupted

65
Q

Which brain regions are more critical for episodic memory, and which is more critical for semantic memory

A

Hippocampus for episodic, left anterior temporal cortex for semantic

66
Q

Is the hippocampus linked more to familiarity or recollection

A

Recollection

67
Q

What are the roles for the different medial temporal lobe subregions?
(Perirhinal, parahippocampal, hippocampus)

A

Perirhinal- binding features of objects (ventral ‘what’ pathway)
Parahippocampal- spatial layouts (dorsal ‘where’ pathway)
Hippocampus- relationships in general

68
Q

Where is the “Hub” located in the brain for the distributed plus hub view of abstract knowledge storage

A

The hub is in the anterior temporal lobe

69
Q

What kind of knowledge is the anterior temporal lobe more associated with

A

Social knowledge

70
Q

What are confabulations

A

False memories for complex autobiographical events. Associated with damage to certain frontal lobe regions

71
Q

In the attention to memory model, what is the dorsal parietal cortex associated with, and what is the ventral parietal cortex associated with

A

Dorsal: top-down attention- demanding memory searches and monitoring operations
Ventral: bottom-up attention- salient memories and retrieval cues

72
Q

In the brain, what is the dorsal parietal cortex associated with, and what is the ventral parietal cortex associated with

A

Dorsal- familiarity and low-confidence recognition

Ventral- recollection and high-confidence recognition

73
Q

What is Ribot’s Law

A

Memory loss following brain damage affects recent memories more than remote memories

74
Q

What are the 2 theories of system consolidation in declarative memory

A

Standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory

75
Q

What is standard consolidation theory

A

Recent event memory traces are disconnected and stored in the hippocampus. Remote memory traces are retrieved through repeated activation and are thus independent of the hippocampus.

76
Q

What is multiple trace theory

A

Episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus. Each time a memory is deactivated, a new memory trace is stored in the HC. Only semantic memories are stored independent of the HC.

Cognitive Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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