Long Term Memory Flashcards
What type of priming is responsible for false memory of lure words
Semantic priming
False memory for lure words is due to a failure of which memory process
Retrieval
What type of memory is primarily used to recall a list of words
Episodic
The false memory effects that occur in the DRM paradigm suggest what about episodic memory
Retrieving episodic memory is reconstructive, involving making a best hypothesis based on evidence from memory plus prior experience
What is encoding
Initial creation of memory traces in brain from incoming information
What is consolidation
Continued organization and stabilization of memory traces over time
What is storage
Retention of memory traces over time
What is retrieval
Accessing/ using stored information from memory traces
What 3 subsystems are part of nondeclarative (implicit) memory
Priming, skill learning, conditioning
What 2 subsystems are part of declarative (explicit) memory
Semantic and episodic memory
What is anterograde amnesia
Memory loss affecting information acquired after damage
What is retrograde amnesia
Memory loss affecting information acquired before damage
Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe leads to the loss of what kind of memory formation
Cannot form new declarative memories for events - anterograde
What does medial temporal lobe amnesia impair
Declarative memory
What does medial temporal lobe damage impair
Declarative memory but not working memory
Left temporoparietal damage impairs what
Working memory but not declarative
Occipital lobe damage impairs what
Nondeclarative but not declarative memory performance
What is priming
Change in processing a stimulus due to previous encounter with same or related stimulus
What is skill learning
Gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practice
What is conditioning
Simple responses to associations between stimuli
How can priming be measured
Increased probability of generating a particular stimulus, increased processing speed, and change in eye movement patterns
What is habituation
Reduced response to an unchanging stimulus
What is sensitization
Increased response to an unchanging stimulus
What is direct priming (i.e. Repetition priming)
Prime and target are the same
What is indirect priming and its most common form
Prime and target are different. Most common form is semantic priming (envelope and letter)
What are the 2 forms of direct priming
Perceptual and conceptual
What is conceptual priming
Cue and target are semantically or associatively related
What is perceptual priming
Cue and target are perceptually related
Does study-test format changes increase or decreased perceptual priming
Decrease
What is repetition suppression of perceptual priming
The reduction of neural responses within sensory cortices as a neural mechanism
What does the sharpening theory explain
How reduced neural activity leads to an enhanced processing of a stimulus
What is the purpose of semantic priming
To facilitate everyday cognitive tasks like reading with comprehension
Does Priming with pre-existing memory representations lead to modification and repetition suppression, or the creation and enhancement of representations
With preexisting, modification and suppression. Without leads to creation and enhancement
Which brain region associates adaptation to novel sensory-motor relationships
The posterior parietal cortex
Skill learning depends mostly on what brain area
The basal ganglia
What is classical conditioning
An initially neutral condition stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response due to pairing an unconditioned stimulus which causes the reflex of an unconditioned response
What is operant conditioning
The probability of a behavioural response is altered by associating a response with a reward or punishment
Describe delay condition in classical conditioning
The air puff (US) occurs during the tone (CS)
Describe trace conditioning in classical conditioning
The air puff (US) occurs after the tone (CS)
What are the 2 main categories of operant conditioning
Goal directed actions driven by action-outcome possibilities
And stimulus driven habit driven by stimulus-response associations
What brain region does action-outcome learning depend mostly on
The hippocampus (and some of the dorsal striatum)
What brain region does stimulus-response learning mostly depend on
The dorsal striatum
What brain region + type of learning does motor sequence learning depend on
The basal ganglia and reinforcement learning
What is the sensory/functional theory for semantic memory
The organization of semantic representations based on relevant sensory and motor features
Eg. ‘Lick’ activates primary motor cortex region for ‘face’
What is the domain-specific theory for semantic memory
Organization of semantic representations is based on semantic categories
Eg. Fruits and vegetables: Apple, orange, lettuce
What is another name for an emgram
A memory trace: the physical and biochemical changes underlying memory storage in the brain
How are engrams primarily defined
The connectivity of brain regions originally involved in processing the relevant category of info.
Eg. Visual info memory traces are stored mostly in the visual cortex
What quote can sum up Hebbian Learning
Cells that fire together wire together. (How engrams are formed)
What is long term potentiation
An increase in synaptic strength as a cellular mechanism of memory. Can be induced by high-frequency stimulation.
What are the properties of Early LTP
Increased presynaptic release of neurotransmitter and
Increased number of postsynaptic receptors
What are the properties of Late LTP
Increased number of dendritic spines and synapses
What is Long Term Depression
When presynaptic action potential does not lead to postsynaptic action potential, connection is weakened. Specified to activated synapses
What does it mean that long term potentiation shows associativity
Learning experiences can lead to long term increase in correlated firing among hippocampal neurons that were active during learning
What 5 aspects does reconstruction/ retrieval of episodic memory rely on
Memory trace Genes Past experience Internal state Environmental context
What are the 2 subdivisions of episodic memory
Recollection and familiarity
Which brain region are critical to declarative memory
Medial temporal lobe regions because they serve as pointers to the locations of memory traces
What are the 2 types of representations when encoding declarative memory
Distributed cortical traces and hippocampal indices
Where are memory indices stored
The hippocampus
Is it remote memories or recent memories that can bypass the hippocampus for retrieval
Remote memories because they only need the retrieval cue
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex during episodic encoding and retrieval
Executive control of memory processes, including goal maintenance and top-down attention
What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex during episodic encoding and retrieval
Attention control during memory processes, including top-down and bottom-up attention
What is the cognitive map theory (Medial Temporal Lobe role)
Memory for spatial relationships in the environment. Evidenced by ‘place cells’ that fire when an animal is in a particular location
What is relational memory theory (medial temporal lobe role)
Memory for associations in general
What happens to relationships across pairs (relational memory theory) when the Fornix is damaged
Single pairs are intact but relationships across pairs is disrupted
Which brain regions are more critical for episodic memory, and which is more critical for semantic memory
Hippocampus for episodic, left anterior temporal cortex for semantic
Is the hippocampus linked more to familiarity or recollection
Recollection
What are the roles for the different medial temporal lobe subregions?
(Perirhinal, parahippocampal, hippocampus)
Perirhinal- binding features of objects (ventral ‘what’ pathway)
Parahippocampal- spatial layouts (dorsal ‘where’ pathway)
Hippocampus- relationships in general
Where is the “Hub” located in the brain for the distributed plus hub view of abstract knowledge storage
The hub is in the anterior temporal lobe
What kind of knowledge is the anterior temporal lobe more associated with
Social knowledge
What are confabulations
False memories for complex autobiographical events. Associated with damage to certain frontal lobe regions
In the attention to memory model, what is the dorsal parietal cortex associated with, and what is the ventral parietal cortex associated with
Dorsal: top-down attention- demanding memory searches and monitoring operations
Ventral: bottom-up attention- salient memories and retrieval cues
In the brain, what is the dorsal parietal cortex associated with, and what is the ventral parietal cortex associated with
Dorsal- familiarity and low-confidence recognition
Ventral- recollection and high-confidence recognition
What is Ribot’s Law
Memory loss following brain damage affects recent memories more than remote memories
What are the 2 theories of system consolidation in declarative memory
Standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory
What is standard consolidation theory
Recent event memory traces are disconnected and stored in the hippocampus. Remote memory traces are retrieved through repeated activation and are thus independent of the hippocampus.
What is multiple trace theory
Episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus. Each time a memory is deactivated, a new memory trace is stored in the HC. Only semantic memories are stored independent of the HC.
